Year 10 Biology Mock Exam Revision Mind Maps Set 2-5
Name the three major nutrient groups and state why we need each Define metabolic rate State three things that affect metabolic rate: Why does a person become malnoushired? Give two signs of malnourishment. What two nutrients do we need in small amounts to maintain good health. Name three important things in the body cholesterol is used for. Name two factors that influence blood cholesterol levels. BMI = mass in kg (height in m) 2 Underweight <18 Normal 19-24 Overweight 25-29 Obese >30 Use the information on the left to work out the BMI for the following people. What dietary and medical advice would you give to each? Name Mass (kg) Height (m) BMI Advice Mr X Miss P 70 65 1.90 1.43 19.4 31.8 Explain the link between cholesterol and heart disease. Mrs Q 54 1.74 17.8 Name a source of: Saturated fat: Unsaturated fat: Complete the table to evaluate the use of statins and cholesterol blockers for treating high cholesterol levels. What are statins and cholesterol blockers used for? Explain how each works.. Drug Advantages Disadvantages Statins. How can you change the fat intake in your diet to reduce cholesterol? Cholesterol blockers
Name the three major nutrient groups and state why we need each Carbohydrate energy source Fat energy, make hormones, insulation Protein build new cells What two nutrients do we need in small amounts to maintain good health. Vitamins Minerals Name three important things in the body cholesterol is used for. Cell membranes Steroid hormones Bile Define metabolic rate is the rate at which all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body are carried out. Name two factors that influence blood cholesterol levels. Diet Genes State three things that affect metabolic rate: Activity Levels The ratio of fat to muscle in the body Genes (inherited factors) BMI = mass in kg (height in m) 2 Underweight <18 Normal 19-24 Overweight 25-29 Obese >30 Why does a person become malnoushired? Their diet is not balanced Give two signs of malnourishment. Overweight / underweight Deficiency disesase Use the information on the left to work out the BMI for the following people. What dietary and medical advice would you give to each? Name Mass (kg) Height (m) BMI Advice Mr X Miss P 70 65 1.90 1.43 19.4 31.8 Healthy Obese eat less fat and sugar; exercise more Explain the link between cholesterol and heart disease. If you have a high ratio of LDLs to HDLs you have an increased risk of heart disease. This encourages cholesterol to be deposited in the walls of coronary arteries, Blockage prevents glucose and oxygen reaching the heart muscle so heart muscle cells cannot respire so die. Mrs Q 54 1.74 Name a source of: Saturated fat: Meat, dairy, eggs Unsaturated fat: olive oil, peanuts, corn oil, sunflower oil, oily fish, margarine 17.8 Underweight increase calorie intake Complete the table to evaluate the use of statins and cholesterol blockers for treating high cholesterol levels. What are statins and chloesterol blockers used for? Explain how each works. Drugs that lower blood cholesterol. Statins block enzyme in liver. Cholesterol blockers reduce dietary absorption. How can you change the fat intake in your diet to reduce cholesterol? Eat less saturated fats and more unsaturated Drug Advantages Disadvantages Statins Cholesterol blockers Can lower cholesterol to zero Good for people with high cholesterol due to genetics Good for people with high cholesterol due to diet Less side effects than statins Need cholesterol to make hormones etc Potentially fatal side effects Can interact badly with other drugs. Can cause diarrhoea.
What is a pathogen?. Explain how the following make you ill: Bacteria Viruses Explain how vaccination works: What 3 diseases does MMR vaccine protect from? How can the following drugs be used to treat disease? Painkillers Antibiotics Why can t antibiotics be used to kill viruses? Explain how white blood cells protect you from disease. Why is overuse of antibiotics a problem? Why are antibiotics used in farming? How can we reduce this problem? Explain how antibiotic resistance develops in bacteria. What is a mutation? Why is mutatioin in pathogens problematic? List 4 precautions you must take when carrying out aseptic technique to grow a sterile culture 1. What is a sterile culture.. Give 2 reasons it is important to keep cultures sterile.. What temperature should we incubate cultures at in school and why? How does this compare to industry?. Outline the experiments carried out by Ignaz Semmelweiss and explain the contribution of these to modern medicine.
What is a pathogen? Microoganism that causes disease. Explain how the following make you ill: Bacteria Reproduce rapidly and produce toxins Viruses reproduce inside e cells and damage them Explain how white blood cells protect you from disease. Ingest pathogens (phagocytosis) Produce antibodies destroy specific bacteria or viruses Produce antitoxins neutralise toxins released by pathogens Explain how antibiotic resistance develops in bacteria. Bacteria mutate by chance Bacteria with mutation not killed by antibiotic These cells can survive to reproduce And pass the gene for resistance to their offspring population of resistant bacteria increases What is a sterile culture. Culture of only one type of microorganism. Give 2 reasons it is important to keep cultures sterile.. Other microbes would use up food resources Other microbes may produce dangerous toxins Explain how vaccination works: Small amount of dead or inactive pathogen injected Stimulates memory cells to form Next time pathogen enters body white blood cells make antibodies faster and in greater numbers What 3 diseases does MMR vaccine protect from? Measles Mumps Rubella Why is overuse of antibiotics a problem? Selects for antibiotic resistant bacteria to survive. These are hard to treat. How can we reduce this problem? Do not use antibiotics for minor infections Reduce use in agriculture What is a mutation? Change in a gene Why is mutatioin in pathogens problematic? Creates new strains that people have no immunity to or are resistant to antibiotics What temperature should we incubate cultures at in school and why? How does this compare to industry? 25 o C to prevent growth of human pathogens. Industry higher faster growth rate. How can the following drugs be used to treat disease? Painkillers relieve symptoms (don t kill pathogen) Antibiotics Kill bacteria Why can t antibiotics be used to kill viruses? Viruses replicate inside human cells so the antibiotic can t reach them or would kill the human cell. Why are antibiotics used in farming? Help animals gain weight less energy spent overcoming infection Increase profits prevent spread of infection List 4 precautions you must take when carrying out aseptic technique to grow a sterile cuture 1. Sterilise petri dish and culture medium before use 2. Sterilise innoculating loop by passing through a flame 3. Tape lid to prevent contamination from air 4. Work near a flame Outline the experiments carried out by Ignaz Semmelweiss and explain the contribution of these to modern medicine. Noted death rates on maternity wards much lower when midwives delivered compared to doctors - realised doctors were transferring disease from surgery Encouraged use of chloride of lime to wash hands and kill bacteria - Death rates drastically fell Shows importance of handwashing to prevent spread of infection
What is the function of the human nervous system? Internal condition Water Organs involved in controlling condition What is a hormone? What do the receptor cells in the following organs respond to? Eyes: Ears: Tongue: Nose: Skin: Describe a simple reflex action Ion content How do oral contraceptives work? Hormone FSH Why do we control: Temperature? Blood glucose? Site of production function LH Oestrogen Explain how plant hormones can be used as Weedkiller? Outline the key concepts behind IVF: Complete the table to evaluate the using IVF or the contraceptive pill Rooting hormones Contraceptive pill IVF Advantages Disadvantages How do auxins control growth of plant shoots in response to light or gravity? Part of plant Shoot Stimulu s Light Gravity Response Root Water Gravity
What is a drug? What does phase one drug testing involve and why is it necessary? What would the placebo be if the real drug was: A tablet? An injection? What is meant by A blind trial? Double blind trial? What is the advantage of blind trials? What is involved in phase two drugs testing? What was Thalidomide originally developed as? Why did the use of Thalidomide cause controversy? What is it now used to treat? Why is the overall impact of legal drugs on society greater than illegal drugs? What are withdrawal symptoms? Give an example. What is drug addiction? Name a very addictive drug.? Complete the table to evaluate the use of cannabis Advantages Disadvantages Give a negative effecs on the body of Smoking Why might an athlete take the following? Anabolic steroid Stimulants Analgesics Drinking alcohol Stimulants
What is a drug? Chemical that alters the way the body works. What does phase one drug testing involve and why is it necessary? Test drug on cells, tissues or animals Safety testing - check for toxicity and interaction with other drugs. What would the placebo be if the real drug was: A tablet? Sugar pill An injection? Saline injection What is meant by A blind trial? Patients do not now who gets drug and who gets placebo Double blind trial? Neither doctor nor patient knows who gets drug or placebo What is the advantage of blind trials? Avoid bias What is involved in phase two drugs testing? Drug tested on healty volunteers Start with low dose gradually increased until effective dose found Why is the overall impact of legal drugs on society greater than illegal drugs? More people use legal drugs Complete the table to evaluate the use of cannabis Advantages Can be medicinal: glaucoma / MS / Cancer Relaxant Disadvantages Strong evidence suggesting causes mental illness Expensive May lead to use of more dangerous drugs What was Thalidomide originally developed as? Sleeping Pill What is it now used to treat? Leprosy Some types of cancer What are withdrawal symptoms? Give an example. Unpleaseant side effects experienced when you stop taking an addictive drug. Eg. Tremors, palpitations, sweating, headaches etc Give a negative effecs on the body of Smoking Lung cancer / Low birth weight / Heart disease / Emphysema etc Drinking alcohol Liver cancer / cirrhosis etc Why did the use of Thalidomide cause controversy? Found to relieve morning sickness but had not been tested on pregnant animals babies born with severe limb abnormalities. What is drug addiction? Name a very addictive drug.? When your body becomes dependent on a drug due to frequent use durg alters body chemistry so badly that you cannot function normally without it. Eg, heroin, cocaine Why might an althlete take the following? Anabolic steroid increase muscle mass Stimulants Liver cancer / cirrhosis etc Analgesics relive pain Stimulants make reactions faster