Year 6 (Entry into Year 7) 10 Hour Revision Course Biology

Year 6 (Entry into Year 7) 10 Hour Revision Course Biology

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Biology 4 Hours

Life Processes (20 Minutes) There are 7 life processes carried out by all living things, these are as follows: Animals Plants Movement Going from one place to another Reproduction Producing offspring Sensitivity Reacting to their environment Nutrition Taking in food Excretion Removing waste products Respiration Getting energy from Glucose Growth Cells multiplying and growing Movement Animals are clearly capable of moving Reproduction Animals produce offspring Sensitivity- Animals are capable of responding to their environments Nutrition Animals take in food to provide energy Excretion Animals excrete waste Respiration- Animals turn glucose into energy via respiration Growth- Some of the energy produced goes towards growth over time Movement Plants can turn to face the sun Reproduction Plants reproduce sexually and asexually Sensitivity- Plants are capable of responding to their environments, ie moisture levels in the air Nutrition Plants take in nutrients to provide energy and also produce energy from the sun Excretion Plants excrete Carbon Dioxide Respiration- Plants turn glucose into energy via respiration Growth- Some of the energy produced goes towards growth over time How animals and plants carry out their life processes can depend on their environment ~ 1 ~

Questions 1) Find the 7 life processes in the wordsearch ~ 2 ~

2) Give an example of each life process being performed by an animal and a plant, try and provide some context (e.g., A sunflower moving to face the sun, A bear excreting in the woods). ~ 3 ~

Humans and other animals: Nutrition (20 Minutes) Nutrition is important as it provides the basic ingredients for many other life processes There are many different things that contribute to and have an effect on the nutrition of an animal Teeth Teeth are vital for nutrition because they are the first thing that food encounters when it enters the body Poor dental hygiene can have a serious effect on nutrition Types of teeth Different types of teeth have different functions Incisors - help you bite off and chew pieces of food Canines - used for tearing and ripping food Pre Molars - to crush and grind food Molars - to crush and grind food Dental Hygiene Bacteria grow on our teeth (plaque), feasting on the food left there after eating,, if their growth is left unchecked then they can cause the teeth to rot. Rotting teeth would be unable to do their job. To prevent this we must take steps to control the bacterial growth (eg using fluoride toothpaste and controlling our diet) Uses of food The nutrients gained from food are usually used by the body for activity and growth It is very important to have a healthy and balanced diet including all the major food groups so that we get the correct nutrients at all times ~ 4 ~

Questions 1) Draw a picture of an incisor, canine and molar. Say where they are found in a mouth 2) Describe how using fluoride toothpaste and controlling our diet can help stop tooth decay ~ 5 ~

3) Complete this list of the food groups C F P V M S F W 4) Describe the test you would use to detect the presence of starch ~ 6 ~

Humans and other animals: Circulation (20 Minutes) The Circulatory System This is the system that sends blood around your body The its main job is to carry oxygen around your body, but it also carries nutrients, carbon dioxide and helps your immune system fight off disease There are 2 main parts The Heart The heart is the pump that drives your circulatory system It consists of 4 chambers, is made of muscle and forces the blood to move around the body Blood Vessels These are how your blood gets to different parts of the body, there are 3 kinds: Arteries- carry blood away from the heart Veins carry blood back towards the heart Capillaries are where gases and nutrients leave and enter the blood Refer to the diagram of the human heart overleaf. ~ 7 ~

Exercise You circulatory system can react to what is going on around you If you are doing exercise then your body needs more oxygen and food to provide more energy The heart will pump harder and faster to move the blood around the body quicker This can be demonstrated by comparing pulse rates before and after exercise Exercise can also help your body burn fat, reduce obesity, increase stamina and is generally considered to be part of a healthy lifestyle ~ 8 ~

Questions 1) How does the body stop blood from going the wrong way round the circulatory system? 2) What would you expect to see if you compared your heart rate before and after exercise? 3) Describe the differences between veins, arteries and capillaries ~ 9 ~

4) Label the arteries and veins on this diagram of the heart ~ 10 ~

5) Where in the body might gases be absorbed into the blood? 6) What are the 4 main parts of the blood? ~ 11 ~

Humans and other animals: Movement (20 Minutes) Skeleton The skeleton provides structure and a rigid framework to the body In humans the skeleton is on the inside of the body, we have a backbone and are known as vertebrates Some other animals have no internal skeleton and are known as invertebrates The skeleton provides structure, but also protects the softer internal organs and helps us move It is made up of lots of individual bones that are joined together by other materials Muscles Our muscles allow us to control our movement They provided the force that makes our bones move They do this by contracting and relaxing ~ 12 ~

Questions 1) Give the name of 5 different bones in the human body 2) Fill in the gaps Bones are connected to each other by fibres called l Muscles and bones are connected by t 3) Solve the anagrams for different muscles and then complete the missing word ~ 13 ~

4) Give 2 examples of vertebrates and 2 examples of invertebrates, what are the major advantages and disadvantages of each? ~ 14 ~

Humans and other animals: Reproduction and Growth (20 Minutes) There are 6 stages to the human life cycle: Embryo Humans reproduce sexually and give birth to live young The average gestation period is 9 months (36 weeks) Baby (0-2) After 9 months developing in the womb, a baby is born Babies need to be looked after by their parents, otherwise they won t survive on their own Childhood (2-12) During childhood humans grow rapidly They still need to be looked after but start to develop skills that will allow them to survive on their own Adolescence (12-18) The body continues to grow and goes through puberty Around this age humans start to become sexually mature (they could have babies of their own) However they may not yet have developed the life skills that will allow them to look after themselves Adulthood (18-70) This is the main phase of any animal s life (including humans) We should be capable of looking after ourselves by this point Adults are ready to have children of their own Old Age (70+) Our bodies start to deteriorate after a lifetime of hard work ~ 15 ~

Questions 1) Some mammals become sexually mature after only 1-2 years, why do you think humans take so much longer? 2) What are the main changes that the body goes through during puberty? ~ 16 ~

3) Draw a cartoon of each of the 6 stages of life in the boxes below and explain what is happening at each stage ~ 17 ~

Humans and other animals: Health (20 Minutes) Tobacco Tobacco is a plant whose leaves are often dried and smoked It is often mixed with other harmful substances when smoked (eg nicotine and tar) These can be linked to several diseases and health problems Alcohol Alcohol is one of the most widely used drugs in the world It is usually legal and most people consider it to be safe to drink in moderation Excessive alcohol consumption can cause serious health problems, especially with the liver Its sale is strictly controlled in most countries Other Drugs A drug is any chemical that has an effect on the body This includes medicines and legal drugs such as alcohol It also includes many illegal drugs such as marijuana and heroin These involve serious health risks and can be very addictive Exercise and a healthy lifestyle A balanced diet and exercise are considered to be important parts of a healthy lifestyle Combining both of these will allow you to control things such as your body-fat content, weight and general fitness We get energy from our food, and use it up by exercising Our body needs lots of different nutrients to survive and grow, so we need to eat different types of food in order to be healthy ~ 18 ~

Questions 1) Name 3 legal drugs and 3 illegal drugs 2) What does addictive mean? 3) Name a major health problem that is linked to smoking tobacco ~ 19 ~

4) a) 2 men compete in a marathon, one is a smoker and the other is not. The non-smoker finishes the race in 3 hours 30 minutes and the smoker takes 4 hours 15 minutes. Why might the fact that the second man smokes have made him slower? b) Are there any other reasons (not smoking) that might affect the men s times 5) If you take in more energy (through food) than you use (through exercise) what will happen to your body? ~ 20 ~

Green Plants: Growth and Nutrition (20 Minutes) Plant Growth Plants need several factors to grow properly Light plants produce energy through photosynthesis in the leaves and the stem, light is vital to this process Air contains carbon dioxide and oxygen which are important for photosynthesis and respiration Water important for growth and chemical processes in the plant Temperature the temperature needs to be in the right range for the plant cells to work and grow properly Leaves Leaves are where most photosynthesis takes place They contain a lot of the green pigment chlorophyll which is used in photosynthesis As such they are incredibly important for energy production and growth The energy that is produced in the leaves of a plant is often the start of the food chain Roots Roots anchor the plant in the ground, so help protect it against weather and some predators They are also vital for the plant s growth and nutrition They absorb water from the ground and allow it to be transported around the plant The roots also absorb mineral salts and other nutrients that are needed for healthy growth ~ 21 ~

Questions 1) What are the 4 factors that plants require to grow properly? 2) What process do plants need carbon dioxide for and where does this take place? 3) What is the colour of chlorophyll and its role in photosynthesis? 4) If you took two identical plants and grew one in a warm, bright environment and the other in a cold dark one which plant would you expect to grow the most? ~ 22 ~

5) Describe an experiment you could perform to show the effect of temperature on the germination of a seed, what results would you expect to get? ~ 23 ~

Green Plants: Reproduction (20 Minutes) Reproductive Organs The flower the location for most of the important reproductive organs in flowering plants The female part of the plant is the carpel stigma, style, ovule ovary The male part of the plant is the stamen anther, filament The other parts of the flower petals and sepals attract insects and provide protection Life Cycle Sexual Reproduction involves the plant sex cells (pollen and ovule) combining to produce a seed This is usually between 2 different plants, but some can also self-pollinate There are 4 stages to sexual reproduction in plants 1) Pollination the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma 2) Fertilisation this takes place after pollination, when the pollen and ovule fuse to make a fertilised egg. This fertilised egg then turns into a seed 3) Seed Dispersal the fruit grows around the seed, its job is to carry the seed as far away as possible. Animals can either eat the fruit and pass the seed out later (eg Apples) or the fruit gets hooked on the fur of a passing animal (eg Burdock) The wind can also be used to make the seed travel large distances (eg Sycamore Trees) Another method is used by beans and pea plants, the pod splits open and shoots out the beans (seeds) 4) Germination This is where the seed starts to grow, producing roots and a shoot. It needs very specific conditions for this to happen: Warmth, Water and Oxygen As the seed germinates there are several separate parts of the plant that can be identified: The embryo shoot, the embryo root, the food store and the seed coat ~ 24 ~

Questions 1) Draw in arrows and label the parts of the male and female sex organs on this plant 2) What is the main way in which pollination occurs and what is the role of the petals in this? 3) Why do plants try and spread their seeds as far away as possible? ~ 25 ~

4) Describe 2 different methods of seed dispersal and explain their advantages and disadvantages? ~ 26 ~

Variation and Classification (20 minutes) There are roughly 9 million different species on the planet, with 10,000 new ones discovered every year This huge number of living things needs to be sorted in a logical and consistent fashion We need to identify and classify organisms based on observable characteristics Examples There are several important examples of which you should be aware Vertebrates vs Invertebrates Vertebrates are animals that have an internal skeleton. These include mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and, amphibians Invertebrates are the opposite; they have no internal skeleton and instead have an external exoskeleton to provide structure and protection. Eg insects Flowering vs Nonflowering plants The obvious difference here is that one type has flowers and the other doesn t, this has a big effect on their reproduction. Flowering plants use insects to carry pollen around whilst nonflowering plants often reproduce using spores Insect vs Spiders (Arachnids) Insects have 6 legs, a body in 3 parts (head, thorax, and abdomen) and antennae Spiders have 8 legs, a body in 2 parts (a combined head and thorax and an abdomen) and no antennae Keys Classification keys allow us to sort out organisms based on their characteristics They work by asking questions that allow us to separate things into specific groups These groups can then be further divided until we have a method of identifying each object or organism in the group ~ 27 ~

Questions 1) Use the following key to sort out the 5 shapes and draw the right shape in each box Does it have any straight lines? N Y Does it have any right angles? Y N Does it have 3 sides? Does it have 3 sides? Y N Y N 2) Come up with your own key to classify the following set of animals: A bear, a rabbit, a spider, a whale and a fly (Remember to think about ways to tell the difference between them, what type of animal they are, where they live, how big they are) ~ 28 ~

3) What language is usually used to classify animals? ~ 29 ~

Living things and their environment: Adaptation (20 minutes) Different environments create different problems for animals and plants to overcome This means that animals and plants in different places will often evolve in different ways Cold Habitats (Arctic) Animals in cold habitats have to be adapted to the demands of their environment They often have thick fur to keep warm They will have a layer of fat (blubber) under their skin to insulate them They are often white so that they can hide from predators or prey They try and conserve heat as much as possible In some cold environments, where there isn t a lot of food, some animals will hibernate over the winter, this means that they shut their body down for a time so that they need less food to survive Other animals will migrate to avoid extreme weather eg birds will fly south for the winter Warm Habitats (Desert) Animals in warm habitats often have to deal with high temperatures and a lack of water They are good at losing heat, and often try to avoid getting too warm They will spend a lot of the time in the shade and are often nocturnal (only come out at night) They also try and keep hold of as much water as possible and are very good at finding water sources from large distances Plants also have many of the same problems and so have adapted to keep as much water as possible ~ 30 ~

Questions 1) Name 3 animals that live in a cold environment (like the arctic) and describe all the ways that one of them is adapted to that particular environment 2) Name 3 animals that live in a warm environment (like the desert) and describe all the ways that one of them is adapted to that particular environment ~ 31 ~

3) 3 other environments that might require animals to adapt are the rainforest, high mountains and the deep sea. What kind of conditions would animals (and plants) have to cope with in these different environments? ~ 32 ~

Living things and their environments: Feeding Relationships (20 Minutes) Food Chains Food chains are an illustration of the feeding relationship between different animals and plants in an environment They allow us to see how organisms are linked Producer - These are most often green plants and are the first stage in the food chain, they produce the energy Primary Consumer In this food chain it is either a herbivore (only eats plants) or an omnivore (eats plants and animals), the primary consumer eats the producer Secondary Consumer This eats the primary consumer, it will either be an omnivore or a carnivore (eats only animals) As you go along the chain you go from producer to consumer This is a predator-prey relationship Food chains can be expanded into more complicated food webs ~ 33 ~

Questions 1) Describe the differences between herbivores, carnivores and omnivores and give an example of each 2) Put the following organisms in the correct column: Oak Tree, Lion, Worm, Robin, Cow, Strawberry Bush, Human, Grass Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer ~ 34 ~

3) Come up with food chains for a small pond and the Serengeti (grasslands in Africa), each chain must contain 3 organisms and each organism must be labelled as a producer or a consumer ~ 35 ~

Living things and their environments: Microorganisms (20 Minutes) Organisms are living creatures Microorganisms are very small organisms that often can t be seen eg Bacteria, Amoeba They have all the same characteristics as normal sized organisms Humans and other animals use microorganisms and their properties to their advantage But microorganisms can also be very harmful Positives Humans use bacteria to help break down waste materials in compost heaps We use the respiration of yeast to help produce gases that make bread rise in the oven Yeast is also used in the fermentation process to produce alcohol Negative Some bacteria and other microorganisms can cause diseases in animals and plants, often by releasing poisons that make them sick The mould that grows on food when it goes off is a microorganism, this is very inconvenient and makes it dangerous to eat Microorganisms that live on our skin eat our dead cells and other waste products, they in turn release their own waste that causes us to smell body odour ~ 36 ~

Questions 1) What are the 7 life processes that microorganisms will have in common with normal sized organisms like animals and plants? 2) Find out the name of 3 diseases that are caused by bacteria 3) What can we do to reduce the risk of getting ill from bacteria and other microorganisms? ~ 37 ~

4) Antibiotics are one of the ways that we can fight harmful bacteria, do some research and find out the following facts: i) What was the first antibiotic discovered? ii) Who discovered it? iii) Where was he from? iv) How did he discover it? 5) What gas is produced by the yeast that we use to make bread rise? ~ 38 ~