Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 152 ( 2014 ) 465 469 ERPA 2014 Examination of the relationship between role satisfaction and achievement motivation among players: a research on veteran national players KerimhanKaynak a, Yusuf Can b*, OzlemKirandi c, MerveBoz d a Erciyes University School of Physical Education and Sports, Kayseri, Turkey b MuglaSitkiKocman University School of Physical Education and Sports, Mugla, Turkey c Istanbul University School of Physical Education and Sports, Istanbul, Turkey d Mugla SitkiKocman University, Institute of Health Sciences, Mugla, Turkey Abstract The purpose of the present research is examining the relationship between role satisfaction and achievement motivation among players. In addition, the present research aims at examining whether there are significant differences in players' role satisfaction levels and achievement motivation levels in terms of age groups, gender, length of sporting, country, and the roles they assume within the team. 29 female, 46 male; a total of 76 elite veteran players selected via random sampling method among elite veteran players who participated in international veteran friendly matches participated in the research. Questionnaire form that consists of three parts was used as the data collection tool of the present study. First part of the questionnaire form includes 4 questions about the players' personal information; the second part is Role Satisfaction Scale developed by Bray (1998), and the third part includes the Sports Motivation Scale developed by Pelletier et al. (1995). According to research findings, there are significant differences in players' role satisfaction and achievement motivation levels in terms of age groups, gender, length of sporting and countries (p<0.005). Research findings show that there is a significant correlation between role satisfaction and achievement motivation at a 0.01 significance level. 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license Selection (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the ERPA Congress 2014. Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the ERPA Congress 2014. Keywords:veteran player; role satisfaction; achievement motivation. * Corresponding author.tel.: +90-532-4812414; fax: +90-252-2111933. E-mail address:yusufcan@mu.edu.tr 1877-0428 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the ERPA Congress 2014. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.232
466 KerimhanKaynak et al / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 152 ( 2014 ) 465 469 1. Introduction Role satisfaction can be defined as the feelings related to the satisfaction with the roles that individuals assume in their lives. What is meant here is whether the roles we assume and our living conditions comply with each other(beauchap and Bray, 2001). We may not always perform the role we assume in living conditions with satisfaction. From time to time, the roles we assume may result in dissatisfaction (Bray, 1998). Role satisfaction among players can be defined as the sense of satisfaction provided by the sportive roles related to sportive living. In this sense, role satisfaction constitutes the most critical issue of sportive achievement(beauchamp at all 2002). Because, one of the most basic factors that affect sportive achievement motivation is the sense of satisfaction with the roles the players assume in the sportive activities especially in sportive competitions. Undoubtedly, role satisfaction in sports is of more importance in assuming of roles related to team sports than the roles assumed in individual sports activities (Bray, at all, 2002). Motivation is one of the most important driving forces of sportive performance. On the other hand, sportive achievement that can be explained with player performance is a product that can change according to the motivation levels of individuals. Achievement motive among players is one of the primary factors that increases the motivation level(can at all, 2010; Soyer at all, 2010). The highest level of performance which players try to achieve is the total of their physical, mental, and psychological preparations. Maintenance of long duration trainings of high intensity during physical preparation period depends on the motivation. Achievement motivation can explain why individuals participate in physical activities, and why they endure activities that require a long-term patience and endurance. Various definitions of motivation involves three main factors. These factors are; prompting, canalizing, and continuing the behavior (Steers et al., 2004: 379). According to intrinsic motivation perspective, motivational status can be defined as the experience of presenting one's own talents (Brief and Aldag, 1976: 497). Intrinsic motivation tools are directly related to the nature of the job and are caused by the content of the job. These involve factors such as; interesting and challenging jobs, independence at work, importance of the work for the worker, participation, responsibility, variety, creativity, (especially in sports) opportunities for using the talents, and satisfying feedback related to one's performance (Mottaz,1985: 366). Extrinsic motivation tools involves two dimensions. The first dimension is related to social motivation tools; and second dimension is related to organizational (club-federation) tools (Mottaz, 1985: 366). Social motivation dimension involves factors such as friendship, helpfulness, support of work (team) mates and leader (trainer); and it is based on the quality of interpersonal relations. Organizational dimension of extrinsic motivation tools is related to the opportunities provided to increase the work (sports) performance by the organization (club-federation). These tools are tangible and involves factors such as; adequacy of the resources, wage equality and sufficiency, promotion opportunities, additional benefits and job security. These factors can also be called as instrumental motivation tools (Dundar at all, 2007). According to double-factor theory that evaluates the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation tools together on the performance of the individuals (players), only intrinsic factors (achieving a job- gaining a sportive achievement, variety of the jobs, independence, responsibility, personal and professional development, performance level in sports etc.) can produce high-level motivation. On the other hand, extrinsic motivation tools (working conditions, waging, the image of the company-club-federation, job security, promotion, social environment, position symbols etc.) cannot motivate but provide the necessary conditions for motivation (Brislin et al., 2005: 89; Mahaney and Lederer, 2006: 42). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation tools are different in content, but it is accepted that both groups of motivation tools have positive effects on the motivation of the players (Wiersma, 1992). Some researches on the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation tools on the motivation of the players have found that, especially in western societies, intrinsic motivation tools have stronger effects than the extrinsic tools provided by the organization (eg, Mottaz, 1985; Chen et al., 1999; DeVoe and Iyengar, 2004; Brislin et al., 2005). On the other hand, according to
KerimhanKaynak et al / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 152 ( 2014 ) 465 469 467 some other researches, extrinsic motivation tools are more effective than the intrinsic motivation tools in some cultural environments such as China (Fisher, Yuan, 1998). Previous researches have showed that there is a positive correlation between role satisfaction and achievement motivation. It is known that, especially in sportive competitions, players' senses of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the roles either individual or assumed within the team, considerably affect the achievement motivation in sports (Aktopand Erman, 2002). Thus, the purpose of the present research is determining at what extent the satisfaction levels with the roles assumed within the team among veteran players who have completed their active sports lives and have no longer much expectations about the results of the competitions affect their motivation. The researchers conducted on the subject matter in the Turkish literature is very limited; which makes the importance of the present research more distinct. 2. Research method 2.1. Work Group The present research was conducted on elite veteran national volleyball players between the ages of 35 and 55. Veteran national volleyball players who played in national teams of the countries formed the work group of the study. The present research was conducted on players who participated in International Black Sea Countries Veteran Games, Greece Veterans Friendly Competition and Friendly Competitions organized in Bulgaria. 27 female, 49 male; a total of 76 veterans from 4 countries who participated in veterans friendly competitions voluntarily participated in the research. The present research was conducted on all the players who participated in this competition. 2.2. Data Collection Tools 2.1.1. Role Satisfaction Scale Role Satisfaction Scale developed by Bray (1998) was used in the present research. Role Satisfaction Scale that consists of 10 items on 10-level grading system is a two-tailed scale. The scale also involves questions that measure the players' feelings related to the roles they assume within their teams. In the present research, the original English form of the scale was used and, explanations in Turkish were added for Turkish players. 2.1.2. The Sport Motivation Scale The Sport Motivation Scale developed by Pelletier et al. (1995) was used in the present research. The original form of the scale includes three sub-dimensions; intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation; and amotivation. However, in the present research, only items related to the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation sub-dimensions. In the present research, the original English form of the scale was used and, explanations in Turkish were added for Turkish players. 2.1.3. Personal Information Form In accordance with the purpose of the present research; a personal information form of 4 questions on age, gender, length of sporting and country was used. 2.3. Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistical analyses related to the personal information of the participants were obtained and Pearson
468 KerimhanKaynak et al / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 152 ( 2014 ) 465 469 Correlation Analysis was used to define the correlation between players' role satisfaction and sportive achievement motivation. In addition, T test on groups of two, and ANOVA tests on groups of more than two were used to test whether there are significant differences in players' role perceptions and sportive achievement motivation levels in terms of demographic variables. Tukey HSD analysis was used to determine the source of differences in groups of more than two. 3. Findings 32.9% of the participants were in 35-39 age group, 31% of them were in 40-44 age group, 27.6% of them were in 45-49 age group and 7.9% of the players who participated in the present research were in 50-55 age group. In addition 64.5% of the participants were male, and 35.5% of them were female. The average for the players length of sporting was calculated as 22.4% of these players were Turkish, 31.6% of them were Bulgarian, 15.8% of them were Greek and 30.3% of the participants were Romanian. According to research findings, there is a positive correlation between players' role satisfaction and sports motivation at 0.01 significance level (r=0.581). According to this finding, players' sense satisfaction with the roles they assume within teams affects the achievement motivation positively. According to research findings, there are significant differences in players' role satisfaction levels and achievement motivation levels in terms gender (p<0.005). According to Tukey HSD analysis, the reason for this difference is that role satisfaction and sport motivation levels of male players are higher than female players. There are significant differences in participants' role satisfaction levels and sports motivation levels in terms of length of sporting (p<0.005). According to Tukey HSD analysis, the reason for this difference is that there is a negative difference of senses between the players who sported for 20-24 years and the other groups. In addition, the reason for the difference in sports achievement motivation is that players who sported for 30-40 years have higherlevel of role satisfaction. There is a significant difference in players' sport motivation levels in terms of age groups (p<0.005). According to Tukey HSD analysis, the reason for this difference is that players in 50-55 age group have lower achievement motivation than the other groups. No significant difference was detected in players' role satisfaction levels in terms of age groups (p>0.005). Significant differences were found in participants' role satisfaction levels and sport motivation levels in terms of countries (p<0.005). According to Tukey HSD analysis, the reason for this difference is that Romanian players have negative feelings in terms of role satisfaction levels than the other players; and Turkish players have lower motivation levels than the players from other countries. 4. Conclusion According to the findings of the present research that aims at defining the relationship between role satisfaction and achievement motivation among elite veteran players, there is a positive correlation between players' sense of role satisfaction and achievement motivation. According to this finding, players' sense satisfaction with the roles they assume within teams affects the achievement motivation positively. Moreover, research findings show that, male players have higher sense of satisfaction with the roles they assume than female players. According to this, it can be claimed that male players are more effective than female players in terms of assuming roles within teams. One of the most interesting findings of the present research is that, Romanian players have lower sense of role satisfaction, which indicates that these players are less effective than other players in terms of assuming roles. Another interesting finding of the present research is that, Turkish players have lower-level achievement motivation than the players from other countries. References Aktop, A., Erman, K. A., (2002), Takim ve Bireysel Sporcularin Basari Motivasyonu Benlik Saygisi ve SurekliKaygiDuzeylerinin Karsilastirilmasi, 7. Uluslar arasi Spor Bilimleri Kongre Kitapcigi, Antalya 27-29 Ekim,2002. Beauchamp, M. R.,Bray, S. R., Eys, M. A.,&Carron, A.V. (2002). Role ambiguity, role efficacy, and role performance: Multidimensionaland
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