Chemical Composition of Cardioplegic Solutions and Myocardial Protection A systematic review and metaanalysis CRISTINA FURNICA 1, RALUCA OZANA CHISTOL 1,2, MARIAMAGDALENA LEON CONSTANTIN 1,3 *, ROXANA GABRIELA COBZARU 1, CARMEN VALERICA RIPA 1 *, DIANA BULGARU ILIESCU 1,4 *, GRIGORE TINICA 1,2 1 Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Str., 700115, Iasi, Romania 2 Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, 50 Carol I Blvd., 700503, Iasi, Romania 3 Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 14 Pantelimon Halipa Str., 700661, Iasi, Romania 4 Institute of Forensic Medicine, 4 Bunavestire Str., 700455, Iasi, Romania Myocardial protection influences cardiac surgery results, but myocardial failure remains the leading cause of adverse postoperative events. The aim of the current study is to perform a metaanalysis concerning the effect of myocardial protection methods and cardioplegic solutions upon ischemiareperfusion injuries in open cardiac surgery. The authors performed a systematic search for published studies on Medline database from inception to 1 rst January 2016 using relevant keywords. From 383 identified studies, only 7 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. These studies and the one performed at the Cardiovascular Diseases Institute (Iasi, Romania) compared crystalloid and blood cardioplegia from myocardial protection point of view. Although the efficiency of crystalloid solutions was proved, more cardiac surgeons prefer blood cardioplegia by considering potentially prolonged ischemia, severe hemodilution and the need for blood transfusions. Blood cardioplegia was ameliorated over time by adding several myocardial protection substrates: K +, Mg 2+, Ca 2+, allopurinol, desferrioxamine, superoxide dismutase, mannitol, polyethylene glycol, lactobionate, histidine, aspartate, pyruvate, Q10 coenzyme, reduced glutathione, nifedipine, insulin, and procaine. Significant progress in the area of myocardial protection reduced the clinical consequences of myocardial aggression under ECC. Further reduction of morbidity and mortality requires an optimization of existent techniques, where blood cardioplegia should have a prominent place. Keywords: hyperkalemic solutions, superoxide dismutase, isoflurane, crystalloid cardioplegia, blood cardioplegia, myocardial protection Extracorporeal circulation (ECC) is an artificial circuit created by aspiring blood from the right atrium into a venous reservoir, circulating it over a membrane oxygenator and a thermic exchanger (hypothermia and reheating) by means of a pump and reinjecting it to the patient through an arterial cannula. ECC temporarily replaces the heart pump and pulmonary gas exchanger and involves a mechanical device connected to patient s vascular system during open heart surgery. After ECC was discovered, open heart surgery became possible, but cardiac surgeons started facing deadly complications such as low cardiac output and postoperative acute myocardial infarction (AMI) secondary to inadequate myocardial protection against ischemiareperfusion injuries. Hypothermia and hyperkalemic solutions were used in the years 50s and 60s for myocardial protection with limited efficiency. In 1964, Bretschneider invented the first cold crystalloid cardioplegic solution that was injected in coronary arteries during surgery [1]. In 1978, Follette introduced cold blood cardioplegia [2], while in 1979 Buckberg understood the ischemiareperfusion phenomena thus facilitating a continuous development of cold blood cardioplegia [3]. Also in 1978, Solorzano started injecting cardioplegic solutions in the coronary sinus [4] and in 2000 Gaillard proposed normothermic cardioplegia [5] Ċurrently, there is a trend towards hyperkalemic blood minicardioplegia with a better preservation of the contractile function of the heart. Pharmacological myocardial preconditioning with halogencontaining anaesthetics is also studied as the use of sevoflurane and isoflurane proved to reduce the risk of myocardial ischemic lesion during myocardial revascularization [6]. Myocardial protection influenced cardiac surgery results but despite its considerable progress, myocardial failure remains the leading cause of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Intraoperative myocardial preservation is essential in ensuring a sufficient energy status for normal contractile function at the end of the surgery. With inadequate myocardial protection there is a decrease in myocardial oxygenation, an increase in anaerobic glycolysis, and accumulation of metabolic waste (lactate, H + and C ) leading to cellular death. Reperfusion lesions occur in response to declamping the aorta. Myocardial cells having accumulated toxic catabolites during ischemia are vulnerable, thus the restoration of circulation triggers inflammatory and oxidative reactions by inducing oxidative stress. An efficient myocardial protection method should reduce to a minimum the oxidizable substrates. The aim of the current study is to perform a metaanalysis concerning the effect of myocardial protection methods and cardioplegic solutions upon ischemiareperfusion injuries in open cardiac surgery. Experimental part Material and methods The authors performed a systematic search for published randomized trials, retrospective, prospective, and cohort studies on Medline database from inception to 1 rst January 2016 using the keywords myocardial protection, ischemiareperfusion, extracorporeal circulation, * email: leon_mariamagdalena@yahoo.com; carmenripa2002@yahoo.com; bulgarudiana@yahoo.com REV.CHIM.(Bucharest) 67 No. 7 2016 http://www.revistadechimie.ro 1271
cardioplegia, crystalloid cardioplegia, blood cardioplegia, antegrade perfusion, retrograde perfusion, myocardial preconditioning. Inclusion criteria included studies reporting at least one result relevant for the topic, no repetitive data, coronary artery bypass grafting or valve surgery for adult patients and transposition of great arteries for paediatric patients. Exclusion criteria included heart transplantation, patients receiving both cardioplegia types (crystalloid and blood), exclusive retrograde cardioplegia, emergency surgery, cannulation issues. Three authors independently assessed eligibility based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Methodological quality was verified using the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observation al Studies in Epidemiology) checklist version 4 available online [7]. The metaanalysis was carried out using random effects model and fixed effects MantelHaenszel model (Review Manager software). Heterogeneity between trials was tested with Cochran s Q and I² statistics. Metaregression was performed using SPSS 22.0. Relative risk for each clinical event was considered statistically significant at a 5% level (p 0.05). Results and discussions Crystalloid cardioplegic solutions The search returned a total of 383 studies, but only 7 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The characteristics of these studies are presented in table 1. Several studies compared crystalloid and blood cardioplegic solutions from myocardial protection point of view. Ibrahim et al. [9] studied 50 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and compared myocardial protection offered by blood cardioplegia and crystalloid cardioplegia demonstrating a clear superiority of blood cardioplegia on several levels: metabolic (significant increase in creatine phosphate), myocardial function amelioration, spontaneous sinus rhythm, decreased rate of supraventricular arrhythmias. The results were confirmed by Rousou [8] and Ferreira [10]. Guru et al. [11] performed a metaanalysis on 34 randomized studies (5044 patients) revealing a decreased rate of low cardiac output syndrome with the use of blood cardioplegia (odds ratio 0.54, 95% CI 0.340.84) and an increased liberation of creatine kinase muscle brain (CKMB) at 24 h postoperatively with the use of crystalloid solutions (mean difference 5.7 U/L, 95% CI 1.610.2). No difference was noted in case of AMI and mortality rates. Another metaanalysis was carried out in China by Zeng et al. [14] and included 2866 patients (12 studies), 1357 having received crystalloid cardioplegia and 1509 cold blood cardioplegia. 2053 patients (71.63%) were in sinus rhythm after declamping aorta with no significant difference between the two groups. The authors calculated a relative risk (RR) of 0.92 for the global effect, with a heterogeneity p = 0.0006 and I 2 = 77%. 11 studies reported postoperative AMI rates, 32 patients from the crystalloid cardioplegia group (2.44%) and 17 from the cold blood cardioplegia group (1.19%) having such a complication. RR for AMI was calculated at 2.30 in case of crystalloid cardioplegia (95% CI 1.333.98, p = 0.003). Mortality rate was signalled in 11 studies (2804 patients), 1.5% (20 patients) in crystalloid cardioplegia group versus 1.63% (24 Table 1 ANALYSED STUDIES CHARACTERISTICS 1272 http://www.revistadechimie.ro REV.CHIM.(Bucharest) 67 No. 7 2016
patients) in cold blood cardioplegia group with no statistically significant difference (calculated RR = 1.09, heterogeneity p = 0.33, I 2 = 13%). Stroke rate was cited in 4 studies (2354 patients), 4.04% (45 patients) in crystalloid cardioplegia group and 1.61% (20 patients) in cold blood cardioplegia group. The authors calculated a RR = 2.18 but the result was not statistically significant (global effect p = 0.19, heterogeneity p = 0.02, I 2 = 69%). Concerning postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF), 6 studies have reported an AF rate of 31.54% in crystalloid cardioplegia group (329 of 1043 patients) and 35.10% (365 of 1040 patients) in cold blood cardioplegia group (RR = 0.9, global effect p = 0.08, heterogeneity p = 0.74, I 2 = 0%), the difference not being statistically significant. The study of Zeng et al. [14] proved that blood cardioplegia reduces AMI rates but does not influence mortality, stroke and AF rates. A third metaanalysis was performed in 2012 by Sa et al. [13] on 5576 patients from 36 randomized trials, 2834 having received blood cardioplegia and 2742 crystalloid cardioplegia. This metaanalysis proved no statistically significant difference concerning mortality rates (RR = 0.951, 95% CI 0.5981.514, p = 0.828), AMI rates (RR = 0.795, 95% CI 0.5471.118, p = 0.164), and low cardiac output syndrome (RR = 0.765, 95% CI 0.4801.042, p = 0.072) between the two study group. A single retrospective study (96) performed by Angeli E. [12] on a group of 30 infants with transposition of great arteries undergoing an arterial switch intervention analysed the effects of crystalloid cardioplegia in paediatric patients. In this study group (mean age 10.9 days, mean weight 3.05 kg) a single dose of crystalloid cardioplegia (50 ml/ kg) was administered in the aortic root for 7 minutes with a constant perfusion pressure < 50 mmhg. Electrolytes were monitored continuously during ECC. TroponinI (TnI) level (a marker of myocardial ischemia) was determined preoperatively, 30 min after aorta declamping, and at 6,12,18 and 24 h postoperatively. Mean ECC time was of 148 ± 29 min and mean aortic crossclamp time was of 98 ± 14 min. After declamping, heart resumed spontaneously sinus rhythm in all cases and haematocrit was stable at 35% despite continuous blood filtration during ECC. Mean intensive care unit (ICU) stay was of 2,1 days and inotropic support was necessary in all cases (dopamine, dobutamine and adrenalin). TnI level increased up to a maximum of 3.1 mg/ml in the first 6 h after declamping and diminished to less than 2 mg/ml after 24 h. Basal level was not obtained even after 48 h. Postoperative ecocardiographic evaluation showed a good biventricular systolic function without segmental contractility alterations. Early and late mortality was 0% in this study. In newborns myocardial metabolism is different compared to adults thus explaining the results obtained with crystalloid solutions. Important glycogen reserves allow sufficient anaerobic metabolism and a reduction of free radicals enzymatic activity in the scavenging system triggers a lack of amino acids in the cycle of Krebs and reduces ischemia tolerance. None of the consulted studies pleaded in favour of crystalloid cardioplegia in adult cardiac surgery but despite this conclusion, a study performed in the UK [15] in 2004 showed that 56% of cardiac surgeons use cold blood cardioplegia in CABG, 14% warm blood cardioplegia, 14% crystalloid cardioplegia, 21% retrograde perfusion and 16% controverted procedures. In a study group of 1131 patients that underwent CABG at the Cardiovascular Diseases Institute (Iasi, Romania) between 20102015, 477 cases (42.18%) received blood cardioplegia and 654 cases (57.82%) crystalloid cardioplegia. Postoperative AMI occurred in 0.88% of cases, stroke or coma more than 24 hours in 1.68% of cases, atrial fibrillation in 38.37%, and mortality rate was of 1.86% with no significant difference between the two groups. Myocardium is very sensitive to ischemia and if the blood flow is suddenly interrupted in normotermia without cardioplegic arrest it leads to irreversible myocardial contraction with extended necrosis, a condition named stone heart. Ischemia occurs when there is not enough oxygen for adenosine triphosphate production, the energetic substrate of myocardial contraction. Myocardium is unable to develop oxygen debt compared to other tissues. Restoring blood flow to ischemic tissues may lead to lesion aggravation depending on ischemia s duration and severity. Several mechanisms explain these lesions, like free radicals liberation, neutrophilendothelium interaction, apoptosis and hyper contractility secondary to calcium overload of myocardial cells. Superoxide is generated by mitochondrial autoxidation as a result of the action of xanthine oxidase [16, 17]. The superoxide may be spontaneously inactivated or by superoxide dismutase (SOD). H 2 may be produced from superoxide molecules or under the action of peroxyzomal oxidases. Hydroxyl radicals are generated by [17]: Hydrolysis, H 2 O H. + HO Metallic ion interaction, Fe 2+ + H 2 Fe 3+ OH + HO HaberWeiss reaction, H 2 + OH + HO + Nitric oxide (NO) is a chemical mediator that interacts with free radicals to produce peroxynitrite anions with increased reactivity: NO. + ONOO + H + Peroxynitrites may interact with C to generate extremely toxic free radicals like N and CO 3 2. free radicals are extremely unstable and may interact with cell membrane molecules and nucleic acids (lipid peroxidation, protein denaturation, DNA fragmentation) and initiate an autocatalytic reaction. Endothelial lesions are caused by a imbalance between NO production and free radicals [16]. free radicals production during ischemia/reperfusion was demonstrated using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and chemiluminescence [16]. Effective cardioplegia avoids this cascade of events by protecting the myocardium against ischemia and reperfusion lesions. Another condition that has to be met by cardioplegic solutions, except myocardial protection, is offering an adequate surgical view Introduction of cardioplegic solutions revolutionized myocardial protection and open heart surgery as they allowed: cessation of any mechanical or electrical energy consumer activity of the heart; maintaining an efficient hypothermia; buffering to avoid acidification; ccellular membrane protection; an antioedematous effect. Currently there are used crystalloid (intra and extracellular) solutions and blood cardioplegia. First crystalloid cardioplegic solutions assumed injecting several litres of cold physiological serum or Ringer lactate into the coronary arteries. With the use of these solutions, an efficient heart paralysis was not obtained with cardiac REV.CHIM.(Bucharest) 67 No. 7 2016 http://www.revistadechimie.ro 1273
arrest, and there was an increased risk of hemodilution and arrhythmia (ionic disequilibrium). Due to these adverse effects, the first generation of crystalloid cardioplegic solutions was abandoned and a new generation appeared in the years 70s [18] when histidine, ketoglutarate and mannitol were added. Buffering was then possible together with amelioration of energy production, cell membrane stabilisation, membrane osmotic regulation, heart arrest up to 180 min with a single dose, simple preparation and utilisation. Most crystalloid cardioplegic solutions are divided into two groups: purely extracellular composition (SaintThomas, Celsior) similar to that of plasma heart arrest is induced by a moderate K + dose (30mEq/L) or by a balanced concentration of K + (1525 meq/l) and Mg 2+ ; purely intracellular composition (Bretschneider, Belzer) decreased Na + and Ca 2+ and increased K + concentrations. Other solutions like Standford and Custodiol cannot be included in one of the above categories. Nowadays only Plegisol (modified SaintThomas solution or STH2), an extracellular solution, and Custodiol are approved for use in ECC. Other solutions are used for organ preservation. Extracellular solutions carry several advantages over intracellular solutions: easy to obtain equilibrium with living tissues; normal or decreased Ca 2+ concentration associated with increased Mg 2+ avoids calcium paradox (hypermagnesemia contributes to reducing ionized Ca 2+ that triggers hyperkalemia). Intracellular solutions may destroy cell membranes through the calcium paradox. In the clinical setting, crystalloid solutions proved their efficiency and safety for heart arrest of up to 3 h. Beyond this period, the buffer system becomes inefficient, myocardial oedema occurs together with ischemic debt and cytotoxicity (K + has a toxic effect and a rapid acidification occurs). Although the efficiency of crystalloid solutions was proved, more cardiac surgeons prefer blood cardioplegia by taking into consideration potentially prolonged ischemia, severe hemodilution during ECC despite filtration (the haematocrit was 35% in the study of Angeli detailed above) and the number of necessary blood transfusions. Blood cardioplegia Blood cardioplegia was developed and promoted by the team of Buckberg et al. [19] at the end of years 70s. The original technique involved induction of cardiac arrest and myocardial depolarisation with a cold blood hyperkalemic solution followed by a new reinjection of the same solution every 30 min. Before aorta declamping, a warm blood solution (reperfusion) was injected followed by a warm induction of myocardial function recovery. This blood solution is diluted 1/41/5 with crystalloid solutions and offers better myocardial protection and left ventricular function compared with crystalloid solutions alone. Myocardial compliance is preserved and a lower elevation of myocardial enzymes was noted postoperatively. Compared to plasma, blood cardioplegia solution is enriched with K +, Mg 2+, antioxigen free radical s agents and procaine. Compared to simple crystalloid cardioplegia, blood cardioplegia offers several advantages. Endothelial and myocardial nutrition; efficient oxygen and nutrient transportation; increased buffer capabilities; limited oncotic and osmotic variations thus diminishing cellular lesions; 1274 http://www.revistadechimie.ro Erythrocytes can eliminate oxygen free radicals. Additional parameters like solution haematocrit (has to be balanced with hypothermia level), temperature (436 o C according to various teams) and intervals between reinjections (1040 min upon temperature) have to be controlled with blood cardioplegia. Cold blood cardioplegia (410 o C) protects myocardial cells against apoptosis compared to warm blood cardioplegia (36 o C) and crystalloid solutions. Blood cardioplegia can be combined with myocardial preconditioning with halogencontaining anaesthetics. Cope et al. [20] showed that the use of halogens like halothane, enflurane and isoflurane diminishes the size of myocardial infarction compared with intravenous anaesthetic drugs (pentobarbital, propofol). One additional advantage of blood cardioplegia is the provision of the buffering capacity of blood proteins, especially histidineimidazole. Although it carries many advantages, blood cardioplegia also comprises some risks: impaired microcirculation perfusion secondary to rheologic perturbations caused by solution temperature and no pulsating flow. This can lead to nonperfused uncooled areas at high risk of ischemia and necrosis [21]. This risk is highly increased in case of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and coronary arteries disease necessitating both antegrade and retrograde perfusion. Oxygen delivery depends on even distribution of cardioplegia solution, haematocrit and hypothermia level (oxygen release by erythrocytes is severely reduced with severe hypothermia), and tissue acidosis can offset this effect by improving oxygen delivery; the presence of leucocytes in cardioplegia solution may trigger a significant activation of reperfusion injury [22] by the presence of effector elements of this reaction. Many authors have proposed the use of filters to limit the burden of neutrophils present during reperfusion [22] as well as antioxidant agents; hyperkalemic blood cardioplegia does not eliminate the risk of Na + and Ca 2+ cell overload; the need of repeated injections may impair certain surgical procedures or rend them more difficult; blood cardioplegia needs adding a complementary circuit to the ECC machine thus inducing an additional priming, a timing for solution passage and a dose calculator. Blood cardioplegia solution was ameliorated over the time by adding several substances to compensate its flaws and to offer maximum security in case of myocardial protection: K + (most powerful cardioplegic agent), Mg 2+ (potentiates K + effect thus reducing its dose), Ca 2+ (essential to ensure the integrity of the membrane lipid bilayer), allopurinol (competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase) [23], desferrioxamine (iron chelator) [24], superoxide dismutase [25], mannitol, polyethylene glycol and lactobionate (free radicals scavengers) [26], histidine, aspartate and pyruvate (buffer capabilities) [27], Q10 coenzyme (strong antioxidant) [28], reduced glutathione (free radicals chelator) [29], nifedipine (significantly decreases calcium entry to the myocardial cell) [30], energetic substrates (glucose, aminoacids, high energy phosphates, aspartate, glutamate), insulin, procaine (antiarrhythmic) [31, 32]. In order to ameliorate coronary perfusion in high risk patients with left ventricular dysfunction, both ante and retrograde cardioplegia was proposed by Patch [33] in 2000 and nowadays is widely used. Patch showed a reduction in postoperative morbidity rate with the use of this double approach and no benefit for within 30 days survival rate. REV.CHIM.(Bucharest) 67 No. 7 2016
Several others myocardial protection strategies have been proposed [21]. Injection of air bubbles can be avoided by using filters, increasing septal temperature beyond 20 o C or appearance of ventricular fibrillation on the ECG imposes a new cardioplegia injection, continuous ph monitoring allows an accurate adjustment of cardioplegia. Conclusions Significant progress in the area of myocardial protection in recent years has reduced the clinical consequences of myocardial aggression under ECC. Further reduction of morbidity and mortality requires an optimization of existent techniques, where blood cardioplegia should have a prominent place. The use of blood cardioplegia can be troublesome for the surgeon, but several studies have demonstrated its superiority over crystalloid cardioplegia on improving left ventricular function, decreasing the need for inotropic support and reduction of transfusion requirements (diminished hemodilution). Solutes currently used as cardioplegic fluids differ from one hospital to another by their composition (crystalloid, blood), the route of administration (antegrade, retrograde), mechanism of action (depolarizing, polarization) or the temperature (cold, warm). After analysing literature data to determine the selection criteria for these products, it appears that there is no standard solution but the choice depends mainly on the practical and clinical experience of surgeons. References 1.BRETSCHNEIDER, H.J., Verh. Dtsch. Ges. Kreisl.Forsch., 30, no. 11, 1964, p. 11. 2.FOLLETTE, D.M., FEY, K., STEED, D.L., FOGLIA, R.P., BUCKBERG, G.D., Surg. Forum., 29, 1978, p. 284. 3.BUCKBERG, G.D., Ann. Thorac. Surg., 24, no. 4, 1977, p. 278. 4.SOLORZANO, J., TAITELBAUM, G., CHIU, CJ.R., Ann. Thorac. Surg., 25, no. 3, 1978, p. 201. 5.GAILLARD. D., BICAL, O., PAUMIER, D., TRIVIN, F., Cardiovasc. Surg., 8, no. 3, 2000, p. 198. 6.CASON, B.A., GAMPERL, A.K., SLOCUM, R.E., HICKEY, R.F., Anesthesiology., 87, no. 5, 1997, p. 1182. 7.STROBE Statement. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology. http://strobestatement.org/index.php?id =availablechecklists 8.ROUSOU, J.A., MEERAN, M.K., ENGELMAN, R.M., BREYER, R.H., LEMESHOW, S., Circulation., 72, no. 3 Pt2, 1985, p. 259. 9.IBRAHIM, M.F., VENN, G.E., YOUNG, C.P., CHAMBERS, D.J., Eur J Cardiothorac Surg., 15, no. 1, 1999, p. 75. 10.FERREIRA, R., FRAGA, C., CARRASQUEDO, F., HOURQUEBIE, H., GRANA, D., MILEI, J. Int. J. Cardiol., 90, No. 23, 2003, p. 253. 11.GURU, V., OMURA, J., ALGHAMDI, A.A., WEISEL, R., FREMES, S., Circulation., 114, Suppl I, 2006, p. I331. 12.ANGELI, E., Ann. Fr. Anesth. Reanim., 30, suppl. 1, 2011, p. S17. 13.SÁ, M.P., RUEDA, F.G., FERRAZ, P.E., CHALEGRE, S.T., VASCONCELOS, F.P., LIMA, R.C., Perfusion., 27, 6, 2012, p. 535. 14.ZENG, J., HE, W., QU, Z., TANG, Y., ZHOU, Q., ZHANG, B. J., Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth., 28, no. 3, 2014, p. 674. 15.KARTHIK, S., GRAYSON, A.D., OO, A.Y., FABRI, B.M., Ann. Roy. Coll. Surg., 86, no. 6, 2004, p. 413. 16.LOBO, V., PATIL, A., PHATAK, A., CHANDRA, N., Pharmacogn. Rev., 4, no. 8, 2010, p.118. 17.RAICEA, V., Coronary sinus lactic acid: postoperative morbidity and mortality prognostic factor in cardiac surgery. PhD thesis. Tirgu Mures University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2015. 18.YANG, Q., ZHANG, R.Z., YIM, A.P.C., HE, G.W., J. Heart. Lung. Transplant., 23, no. 3, 2004, p. 352. 19.BUCKBERG, G.D., J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 77, no. 6, 1979, p. 803. 20.COPE, D.K., IMPASTATO, W.K., COHEN, M.V., DOWNEY, J.M., Anesthesiology., 86, no. 3, 1997, p. 699. 21.BEL, P. MENASCHE, J.N., EMC. Techniques. Chirurgicales. Thorax., 42, 2008, p. 1. 22.HAYASHI, Y., SAWA, Y., FUKUYAMA, N., MIYAMOTO, Y., TAKAHASHI, T., NAKAZAWA, H., J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 126, no. 6, 2003, p. 1813. 23.PÉRIER, P., FABIANI, J.N., BOCHER, M., MASSOUD, H., CARPENTIER, A., DUBOST, C., Arch. Mal. Coeur., 73, 1980, p. 713. 24.BEL, A., MARTINOD, E., MENASCHE, P. Acta. Haematol., 95, no. 1, 1996, p. 63. 25.SHLAFER, M., KANE, P.F., KIRSCH, M.M., J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 83, no. 6, 1982, p. 830. 26.MICHEL, P., HADOUR, G., RODRIGUEZ, C., CHIARI, P., FERRERA, R., J. Heart. Lung. Transplant., 19, 11, 2000, p. 1089. 27.MICHEL, P., VIAL, R., RODRIGUEZ, C., FERRERA, R., J. Heart. Lung. Transplant., 21, 9, 2002, p. 1030. 28.CRESTANELLO, J.A., KAMELGARD, J., LINGLE, D.M., J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 111, no. 2, 1996, p. 443. 29.ELHAMAMSY, I., STEVENS, L.M., CARRIER, M., J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 133, no. 1, 2007, p. 7. 30.MELDRUM, D.R., CLEVELAND, J.C., SHERIDAN, B.C., J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 112, no. 3, 1996, p. 778. 31.SELLEVOLD, O.F., BERG, E.M., LEVANG, O.W., Anesth. Analg., 81, no. 5, 1995, p. 932. 32.NODITI, G., LEDETI, I., SIMU, G., SUTA, M.L., ONETIU, D., FULIAS, A., Rev. Chim. (Bucharest), 65, no. 1, 2014, p. 65. 33.FLACK, J.E., COOK, J.R., MAY, S.J., Circulation., 102, suppl III, 2000, p. III84. Manuscript received: 24.03.2016 REV.CHIM.(Bucharest) 67 No. 7 2016 http://www.revistadechimie.ro 1275