UNIT 1 Introduction
Grading A grade is an inadequate report of an inaccurate judgment by a biased and variable judge of the extent to which a student has attained an undefined level of mastery of an unknown proportion of an indefinite amount of material. [Gardiner, Lion F., Redesigning Higher Education. Ashe-Eric Higher Education Report Vol.23, No. 7 George Washington University, (67).]
Frame Exams You must score 80% or above on the unit examinations. If you do not score 80% you can take the exam over in the allotted exam time. The exam time will not be extended. If you take the exam over, your score for the unit will be weighted using the following formula:
Weighting Formula (2 x first exam score) + (second exam score) /3 (2x 60) + (100) /3 = 73 (2x 85) + (75) /3 = 82
Testing Tips Take the tests in a WSU testing center on ChiTester You must present a photo ID to receive an examination. Make sure your audio is working properly before starting the exam. You can only review the questions you missed immediately after you complete the exam.
The exams weren t fair. If we missed one letter it was wrong. There should be some sort of way to recognize this and give a little. She was not willing to give at all, even when it was only one letter. It doesn t make sense to me.
Report says health care errors cause more deaths than highway accidents. As many as 98,00 Americans die unnecessarily every year from medical mistakes made by physicians, pharmacists and other health care professionals, according to an independent report released Monday that calls for a major overhaul of how the nation addresses medical errors. The Washington Post
Root Cause Analysis: A Case Study Elderly patient with blood clot in artery of leg Heparin ordered at 200 units/hour RN caregiver scheduled to attend meeting. Arranged coverage with 2 nd RN student RN also assigned to care team. 2 nd RN called to another room student starts heparin at 200 cc/hr.
Researchers found a rate of 11 drug-related harmful events for every 100 hospitalized children. That compares with an earlier estimate of 2 per 100 hospitalized children, based on traditional detection methods. These data and the Dennis Quaid episode are telling us that..experiencing harm is more common than people believe. Homer, National Initiative for Children s Healthcare Quality 2008
Study hints Arrive on time for every class. Study ( at least briefly) after each class. Limit study sessions to no more than ½ hour to 45 minutes. Rephrase concepts If it s your style, study in groups.
Study hints Make up your own tests Don t rely on drugs such as caffeine. Use a special study spot. Study for final from day one. Take it easy the day before the test.
Student Advice My best advice is to make sure and do your frames faithfully, then follow up with flash cards. It takes a lot of time but it is very well worth the effort come midterms and finals. Make note cards because they will save your life! Do the reviews at the end of each section. Make sure you do your flash cards
Student Advice The index cards are helpful for a good review before testing and for the midterm and the final. If you make flash cards you will do very well in this class. Do your frames, make flash cards and listen to the CDs and you will be fine.
Elements used to form words Word Root Combining Vowel Combining form Prefix Suffix
Word Root Basic core of any word Hepat-o-tome Gastr-o-tome Arthr-o-tome Combining vowel O- most commonly used A,e,i,u, y occasionally used Therm-o-meter, micr-o-film, phon-o-graph
Combining Form Combining vowel with word root Word Root + Combining Vowel = Combining form Speed- o = Speedo Therm- o = Thermo Arthr- o = Arthro
Prefix Syllable placed before word or word root to alter its meaning or create a new word. Micr-o-cyte Micr: prefix O: combining vowel Cyte: word root Macr-o-cyte Syllable added at the end of a root or combining form to change the meaning of the root.
Suffix Hepat-o-tome, Gastr-o-tome, Arthr-o-tome
Pronunciation Ch------- K - chromatin; sometimes chronic Ps-------- S - psychiatry, psychology C &G---- Soft s & j before e,i,y - cytoplasm, generic C &G---- Harsh - cardiac, gastric I at the end eye - alveoli, glomeruli
Noun Suffix -esis: condition di/ur/esis: abnormal secretion of large amounts of urine -ia pneumon/ia: infection of lung -ism hyper/thyroidism: overactivity of thyroid gland -iatry: medicine pod/iatry: medical specialty treating feet -ist: specialist dermat/o/log/ist: skin doctor -y: condition neur/o/path/y: disease of nerves
Diminutive Suffix -icle: small, minute, little ventr/icle: small cavity in brain or heart -ole arteri/ole: minute artery -ule ven/ule: tiny vein
Adjective Suffix -ac: pertaining to cardi/ac: pertaining to heart -al umbilic/al: pertaining to navel -ar muscul/ar: pertaining to muscle -ary pulmon/ary: pertaining to lungs -eal esophag/eal: pertaining to esophagus -ic hepat/ic: pertaining to liver
Adjective Suffix (cont d) -ical: pertaining to neur/o/log/ical: pertaining to (-ic & -al) study of nerves -ile pen/ile: pertaining to penis -ior anter/ior: pertaining to front -ous cutane/ous: pertaining to skin -tic acous/tic: pertaining to hearing
Plural Suffixes (Spelling Words) Sarcoma-sarcomata Thrombus-thrombi Appendix-appendices Diverticulum-diverticuli Ovary-ovaries Retain the ma and add ta Drop us and add i Drop ix and add ices Drop um and add a Drop y and add ies
Plural Suffixes (Spelling Words)(cont d) Diagnosis-diagnoses Lumen-lumina Vertebra-vertebrae Thorax-thoraces Spermatozoon-spermatozoa Drop is and add es Drop en and add ina Retain the a and add e Drop the x and add es Drop on and add a
Common Suffixes
-CENTESIS Suffix - Surgical puncture Arthr/o/centesis - surgical puncture of a joint
-CLAST Suffix - Surgical puncture Arthr/o/centesis - surgical puncture of a joint
-DESIS Suffix - binding, fixation ( of a bone or joint) Arthr/o/desis - fixation of joint
-ECTOMY Suffix - excision, removal Append/ectomy - surgical removal of the appendix
-LYSIS Suffix - separation;destruction;loosening Thromb/o/lysis - clot dissolving
-PEXY Suffix - fixation (of an organ) Mast/o/pexy - performed to affix sagging breasts
-PLASTY Suffix-plasty - surgical repair Rhinoplasty - surgical repair of the nose
-RRHAPHY Suffix - suture My/o/rrhaphy - muscle suturing
-STOMY Forming a new opening (mouth) Trache/o/stomy - form a new opening in trachea to bypass obstructed upper airway
-TOME Suffix - instrument to cut Oste/o/tome - bone cutter
-TOMY Suffix - incision Trache/o/tomy - incision into trachea
-GRAM Suffix - record, writing Electr/o/cardi/o/gram - electrical recording of heart
-GRAPH Suffix - instrument for recording Cardi/o/graph - machine that records electrocardiograms
-GRAPHY Suffix - process of recording Angi/o/graphy - process of recording a picture of the blood vessels
-METER Suffix - instrument for measuring Pelv/i/meter - instrument for measuring pelvis
-METRY Suffix - act of measuring Pelv/i/metry - process of measuring pelvis
-SCOPE Suffix - instrument for examining Broncho/scope - instrument for looking at bronchus
-SCOPY Suffix - Visual examination Broncho/scopy - process of examining bronchus
Pathological Suffixes
-ALGIA, -DYNIA Pathological Suffix - pain Neur/algia - nerve pain
-CELE Pathological suffix - hernia, swelling Hepat/o/cele - hernia of the liver
-ECTASIS Pathological Suffix - dilation, expansion Bronchi/ectasis - dilation of bronchi (plural bronchus)
-EDEMA Pathological suffix - swelling Lymph/edema - swelling of lymph nodes
-EMESIS Pathological suffix - vomiting Hyper/emesis - above normal vomiting
-EMIA Pathological suffix - blood condition An/emia - without blood (low red blood cell count)
-IASIS Pathological suffix - abnormal condition Chol/e/lith/iasis - disease produced by gall stones
-ITIS Pathological suffix - inflammation Gastr/it is - inflammation of the stomach
-LITH Pathological suffix - stone, calculus Chol/e/lith - gall stone
-MALACIA Pathological suffix - softening Chondr/o/malacia - cartilage softening
-MEGALY Pathological suffix - enlargement Cardi/o/megaly - heart enlargement
-OMA Pathological suffix - tumor Neur/oma - nerve tumor
-OSIS Pathological suffix - abnormal condition Cyan/osis - blue condition
-PATHY Pathological suffix - disease My/o/pathy - disease of the muscle
-PENIA Pathological suffix - decrease, deficiency Leuk/o/cyt/o/penia - decrease in white cells
-PHOBIA Pathological suffix - fear Hem/o/phobia - fear of blood
-PLEGIA Pathological suffix - paralysis Hemi/plegia - one half paralyzed
-RRHAGE, -RRHAGIA Pathological suffix - bursting (of) Hem/o/rrhage - blood bursting or bleeding
-RRHEA Pathological suffix - discharge, flow Dia/rrhea - discharge or flowing of fecal material
-RRHEXIS Pathological suffix - rupture Arteri/o/rrhexis - rupture of artery
-STENOSIS Pathological suffix - narrowing, stricture Arteri/o/stenosis - narrowing of artery
-TOXIC Pathological suffix - poison Hepat/o/toxic - Substance is poisonous to the liver
-TROPHY Pathological suffix - development, nourishment Dys/trophy - bad or abnormal development
Common Prefixes
A-, AN- Without, not A-before a consonant - a/mastia-without a breast An- before a vowel - an/esthesia- without feeling
CIRCUM-, PERI- Around Circum/cision - cutting around Peri/odont/al - pertaining to area around teeth
DIA-, TRANS- Through, across Dia/rrhea discharge or flowing of fecal material Trans/vagina/al- pertaining to something through the vagina
DIPL-, DIPLO- Double or 2 Diplopia - double vision Diplo/bacteri/al - pertaining to bacteria in pairs
ENDO-, INTRA- In, within Endo/crine - Gland that secretes directly into the blood stream Intra/muscul/ar - In the muscle
HOMO-, HOMEO- Same Homo/graft - graft from the patient to their own body- also called allograft Homeostasis - Maintaining equilibrium
HYPO- Under, below, deficient Hypodermic - Pertaining to under the skin
MACRO-, MICRO- Large, small Macrocyte - large cell Microcyte - small cell
MONO-, UNI- One Monocyte - cell with one nucleus Uni/nucle/ar - pertaining to a single nucleus
POST-, PRE- After, before Post/nat/al - pertaining to time after birth Pre/nat/al - pertaining to time before birth
PRIMI- First Primi/gravida - first pregnancy
RETRO- Backward, behind Retroversion - turn backwards
SUPER- Upper, above Super/ior - pertaining to top or upper