Biology 105 Midterm Exam 3 Review Sheet The third midterm exam will cover the following lecture material (lectures 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13): Skeletal System (from chapter 5 in the textbook), Nervous System (from chapters 7-9 in the textbook), Muscular System (from chapter 6 in the textbook), and Endocrine System (from chapter 10 in the textbook). Lecture 8 (chapter 5) Skeletal System What are the four components of the skeletal system (bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons), and what are their functions? What are the functions of bone? What are the two layers of bone (compact and spongy)? What are the epiphysis and diaphysis, and what do you find in each of these areas? What is the periosteum, and what is its function? What is the structure of the osteon, and what are the features found in the osteon (central canal, osteocytes, and canaliculi)? What are the three types of bone cells and their functions? What is a synovial joint, and what are the parts of synovial joints and their functions? What are the hormones involved in bone growth and homeostasis (growth hormone, thyroid hormone, sex hormones, vitamin D, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone)? Which glands produce calcitonin and parathyroid hormones? How do bones heal? What is osteoporosis, what are the risk factors for osteoporosis, and what can you do to prevent it? Compact bone, osteon, central canal (Haversian canal), spongy bone, epiphysis, diaphysis, periosteum, lacunae, callus, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, growth hormone, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, vitamin D, epiphyseal plate, growth plate Lecture 9 (chapter 7) Nervous System I: Neurons What are the functions of the nervous system? What are the two types of cells in nervous tissue? (Neuroglial cells and neurons!) What are the three types of neuroglial cells (microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes/schwann cells) and what are their functions? What are the two main divisions of the nervous system (CNS, PNS) and where are they each found? What are the parts and functions of a neuron? What are the three types of neurons (sensory, interneuron, and motor neuron) and their functions, and where are they located? 1
Where are the cell bodies located for motor and sensory neuronal cells? What are Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes, and what are their functions? Where are Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes found? What is the cause and what are the effects of multiple sclerosis? What are the parts of a nerve? How do ions pass through membranes? What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump? What are the steps of signal transmission through the nervous system, starting with the resting stage of one neuron and ending with the next neuron or muscle being stimulated (this process includes both the steps of an action potential AND transmission across the synaptic cleft? Which ions enter and exit the neuron during the depolarization and repolarization steps of an action potential? What is the relative charge of the inside versus the outside of the neuron (= membrane potential) during these events, and what is the correct order of these events? What are the components of a synapse? What is the function of neurotransmitters? How do they work and where do they work? What is acetylcholine, where is it found, what effect does it have, and how is acetylcholine removed from the synaptic cleft? What is the cause and effect of Myasthenia gravis? Afferent neuron, efferent neuron, dendrite, axon, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, myelin, myelin sheath, myelinated neuron, Schwann cell, oligodendrocytes, nodes of Ranvier, nerve, ion, ion channel, ligand-gated ion channel, voltage-gated ion channel, action potential, repolarization, depolarization, membrane potential, resting potential, sodium-potassium pump, refractory period, synapse, synaptic cleft, synaptic vesicle, neurotransmitter, acetylcholinesterase, presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, stimulate, inhibit Lecture 10 (chapter 8) Nervous System II: PNS and CNS What are the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system, and what do they each control? What are reflex actions? What are the parasympathetic and the sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system? What specifically do they each control (do not need to memorize the long lists, but should know examples, such as increase heart rate, increase respiration, etc.)? What protects the CNS? What are the three layers of the meninges? Be able to describe them and their locations (which is the inner, middle, or outer layer.) What is meningitis and what is the cause? What is encephalitis? What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid and where do you find it? 2
What is the function of the blood-brain barrier, and what does it allow to pass? Major regions of the brain and their functions: cerebrum (including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala), hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum, brain stem (including the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata) Which parts of the brain are in the cerebrum and which parts are in the brain stem? What is the corpus callosum, and what is its function? Long-term memory, somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, voluntary, involuntary, reflex arc, constrict, dilate, inhibit, accelerate, facilitate, stimulate, relax, white matter, gray matter, prefrontal region Lecture 11 (chapter 9) Nervous System III: Sensory Systems What is the function of sensory receptor cells? What does sensory adaptation mean? What are the different types of touch stimuli (thermal, tactile, pain, and vibration)? What are the types of sensory receptors in skin, and what type of touch do they each detect? You should be able to describe their general structure. What are all of the layers and structures (including the fluids) of the eye, and what are their functions? What is the blind spot? How does the vision signal travel from the photoreceptors to the brain, and which part of the brain receives the signal? Be able to describe in detail this process, including the cells that transmit the messages. Light hits the photoreceptors, which then pass the signal to the bipolar cells, which then pass the signal to the ganglion cells. The signal then travels through the optic nerve to the thalamus, and then on to the visual cortex. What are all the parts of the ear, and are they part of the inner, middle or outer ear? What are their functions? Be able to describe the pathway that sound waves and vibrations follow through the ear. How does the ear detect head movement and position? Briefly describe how the different structures in the vestibular apparatus in the ear (cupulas in the semicircular canals and otoliths) help the brain detect dynamic and static equilibrium. How do we detect odor? Which part of the brain receives the signal? Where are olfactory receptors found? How do we detect tastes? What structures are responsible for taste? Stimuli (stimulus), sensory adaptation, dilate, constrict, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, photoreceptors, transmit, amplify, otolith, cupula, taste bud 3
Lecture 12 (chapter 6) Muscular System What are the three types of muscles? Where are they found, and are they under voluntary or involuntary control? What are the functions of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles? How do skeletal muscles work in pairs? What is the function of tendons? What is the overall structure of a muscle? What are the components of a muscle, and of a muscle cell (muscle fiber)? What are the functions of the muscle fiber components? You should be able to identify the muscle fiber components in an illustration, including: myofibrils, sarcomeres, Z lines, myofilaments (actin and myosin filaments), crossbridges, sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic reticulum, T tubules What stimulates a muscle to contract? You should be able to describe the steps of how the message is transmitted from the neuron to the myofilaments (slides 26-30 from lecture). What is the role of Ca 2+? What happens when the message is received by the myofilaments? (Binding sites on actin are uncovered, so myosin can bind to actin, which leads to muscle shortening!) What are the components and the function of the tropomyosin-troponin complex? What are the three energy sources used for muscle contraction? Which of these require oxygen and which produce carbon dioxide? How many ATP are produced, and how long can each energy source provide energy? Muscle fiber, myoglobin, fascia, fascicle, myofibril, sarcomere, involuntary, voluntary, origin, insertion Lecture 13 (chapter 10) Endocrine System What is the function of the endocrine system? What are similarities and differences between neurotransmitters and hormones? What are the two types of hormones (water soluble and lipid soluble)? How do the two types of hormones work, and how do they affect the target cells? Know the differences between the two types of hormones, and examples of each type of hormone. For ALL the hormones in this lecture, you should be able to answer: Where is the hormone produced and released from? What is/are the function(s) of the hormone? What is/are the target(s) of the hormone? Know ALL the disorders discussed in the lecture: What are the causes and effects of each disorder? What are the treatments of each disorder? 4
Know the location and names of the endocrine glands, and be able to label a drawing with the glands. How does the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland (hypothalamic-releasing and inhibiting hormones)? What is the function of the hypothalamus? How are the adrenal glands controlled? What are the two parts of the adrenal glands, and how is each part controlled? Which hormones are released from which part? What are the side effects of cortisol? How are calcium levels in the blood regulated? Which hormones and glands are responsible for blood calcium regulation? How are blood glucose levels regulated? Which hormones and glands are responsible for blood glucose regulation? What are the causes of the two types of diabetes? Endocrine gland, hormones, receptor, target cell, non-target cell, exopthalmos, pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans), negative feedback, water soluble, hydrophilic, lipid soluble, hydrophobic, secondary messenger, transcription, translation, produce, release, dilute, concentrated, extremities, deficient, sufficient, synthesis, reabsorption, inhibit, stimulate, prostaglandins 5