Legume Research. 38 (3) 2015: 358-362 Print ISSN:0250-5371 / Online ISSN:0976-0571 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE www.arccjournals.com/www.legumeresearch.in Effect of Fe (iron) and Mo (molybdenum) application on the yield and yield parameters of lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) N Togay* Y. Togay, M. Erman 1 and F. Çig Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Van, Turkey. Received: 17-10-2014 Accepted: 03-03-2015 DOI: 10.5958/0976-0571.2015.00120.4 ABSTRACT The study was carried out to determine the effect of different levels of iron (0, 5, 10 and 20 kg ha -1 ) and molybdenum (0, 2, 4 and 6 g kg -1 seed) on the yield and yield components in lentil (Lens culinaris Medic. cv. Sazak-91). The experiments were conducted in a factorial design with three replications during 2006-07 and 2008-09 in Van, Turkey. The highest seed yield was obtained from 20 kg ha -1 iron with 956 kg ha -1 and 6 g kg -1 seed molybdenum levels with 963 kg ha -1 in the first year, while it was obtained from 20 kg ha -1 iron with 1031 kg ha -1 and 6 g kg -1 seed molybdenum with 1010 kg ha -1 in the second year. Seed nutrient contents such as protein rate, phosphorus, manganese, copper and molybdenum significantly increased under the influence of iron and molybdenum treatments over control. Key words:, Lentil, Yield,, Seed nutrient content. INTRODUCTION The area sown in Turkey is 281.178 hectares producing 417.000 tones. Mean yield is 1483 kg ha -1 for Turkey (FAO, 2013). Lentil seeds have a quite high protein content (18-30 %) varied according to environmental conditions, cultivars and agronomic process. In the other hand, the lentil, as a legume crop, fixes atmospheric nitrogen in the root-nodules in a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria. The amount of nitrogen released into the soil through the symbiotic cycle is 84 kg ha -1 per annum. It is an important rotation crop in wheat farming in dry land areas, because it resistances to drought, high temperature and cold, and at the same time for being annual and early plant. Because of it is one of the most profitable crops in dry areas, its production has increased in lands that has been fallowed every year from the 1970s. Lentil needs some macro and micro nutrient for its normal growth. Some of these elements play an important role in the process of Rhizobium symbiosis: for example, molybdenum is a constituent of the nitrogenase enzyme, and every bacterium which fixes nitrogen needs molybdenum during the fixation process. has a positive effect on yield, quality and nodule forming in legume crops. Application of molybdenum into the soils which are deficient in this element, has increased the contents of potassium, phosphorus and crude protein in lentil. (Fe) deficiency is a common nutritional disorder observed in many crops (Erskine et al., 1993) including lentil. Losses in the yield of susceptible genotypes varied between 18 and 25%. The Fe 2+ concentration of the leaf tissue, compared with the total iron content, was closely correlated with the Fe-deficiency symptoms, and was found to be a useful index to identify soil where response to Fe application can be expected (Sakal et al., 1984). is a constituent of the nitrogenase enzyme, leghemoglobin and ferrodoxin. The bacteria have used this element during the nitrogen fixation period. deficiency generally decreases nodule formation, leghemoglobin production and nitrogenase activity, leading to low nitrogen concentrations in the shoots in some legumes. and molybdenum fertilization have been proved to help the nitrogen fixation processes, enhancing the yield and nitrogen status of the lentil. It is well known that nitrogen fixation can only go actively if the crop is healthy and the nutrient supply adequate (Brar and Sidhu, 1992). The critical limit of molybdenum is 100 ppm (Kaya et al., 1993). The critical limit of iron is 4.5 ppm (Lindsay and Norwell, 1969). Turkey soils show lack of both iron and molybdenum (Aydeniz, 1985). The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of iron and molybdenum on the yield, yield components and seed nutrient content in lentil. *Corresponding author s e-mails: necattogay@hotmail.com, yesimtogay@hotmail.com. 1 merman56@hotmail.com. fatihcig@hotmail.com. 1 Siirt University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Field Crops 56100, Siirt, Turkey.
Volume 38 Issue 3, 2015 359 MATERIALS AND METHODS The two year field experiments on clay loam soils were conducted during the winter seasons of 2006-07 and 2008-09 in the Zeve Campus of Agricultural Faculty of Yuzuncu Yýl University (Long. 43 172 E2, Lat. 38 332 N2, and 1655 m above msl). The average air temperature was 9.0 o C during 2006-2007 and 7.0 o C during 2008-2009 with a long term mean of 9.4 o C precipitation throughout the season was 363.1 mm and mm 408.5 respectively, and the average over the long-term for the same period was 385.7 mm. Average relative humidity was 57.0 % to 61 % during vegetative phases of lentil vegetation periods (TSMS 2009). The results of calcareous soil analysis were as follows: sandy loam texture, very low in organic matter (1.85%), very low in iron (0.3 ppm) content and molybdenum (1.1 ppm) and moderate in available phosphorus (6.71 ppm). The experiments were conducted in a factorial design with three replications. Plot size was 1 m x 5 m = 5 m². The Seeds were inoculated with a mixture of nodule-forming strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv viciae specific to lentil, provided by the Research Institute of Central Soil, Fertilizer and Water Resources, Ankara, Turkey (Vincent, 1970). Sowing of Sazak-91 cultivar was done by hand with 20 cm row spacing in late October in both years (22 October 2006 and 24 October 2008). The seeding rate was 150 kg ha -1. A basal dose of 140 kg ha -1 di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) was added to each plot at the time of sowing. Plots were hand-weeded twice each season. Plants were harvested in late June in both years (23 June 2007 and 25 June 2009). Soils of experimental field were clay loam in texture having 1.85% organic matter and 6.71 ppm phosphorus content with strongly alkaline reaction (ph=8.5). In the study, different levels of iron (0, 5, 10 and 20 kg ha -1 ) as iron (II) sulphate (FeSO 4.7H 2 O) (Singh et al., 1985) and molybdenum (0, 2, 4 and 6 g kg -1 seed) as ammonium molybdate (NH 4 Mo 7 O 24.4 H 2 O) was applied (Kacar and Inal, 2008). was applied to the seeds and iron to the soil before sowing. Plant analysis: The yield and yield components of lentil were recorded under each treatments. In addition, plant height, dry weights of shoot and root, nodule number and dry weight and seed were estimated (Ciftçi and Sehirali, 1984). 10 mature plants were selected at random from near the center rows of each plot and the selected plants were cut at ground level. These were used to measure plant height (cm), first pod height (cm) pods per plant (number/plant) and grain yield (kg ha -1 ). Plant grains for protein were dried for 48 h at 70 C and were ground. Sub samples of the harvested grains were used to measure by the Kjeldahl method (Kacar, 1984). The P concentration in grain and shoot were measured by the vanado molibdo phosphoric acid yellow color procedure outlined by Kacar (1984). Plant samples were analyzed. Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo and Cu were determined after wet digestion in a H 2 SO 4 -salisilic acid mixture. Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo and Cu analysis was done by atomic absorption spectrometry (AOAC, 1990). Statistical analysis: The effect of treatments on lentil was analyzed using analysis of variance procedures for a randomized complete block design with the SAS (1998) statistical package. When the F-value of the ANOVA was significant at the P<0.05 level of probability. The means related with yield and yield parameters in lentil were evaluated with Duncan s Multiple Range Test statistical analysis RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The effect of different levels of molybdenum (Mo) and iron (Fe) was evaluated on the yield, nodulation and yield components of lentil under agro-climatic conditions of Zeve Campus of Agricultural Faculty of Yuzuncu Y1I University during 2006-07 /2008-09. The Sazak-91 cultivar was used in the field experiment designed as factorial RBD with three replications for each. The results obtained are presented and discussed in the following sections. Lentil seed yield and biological yield: The effect of application different levels of iron and molybdenum on lentil seed yield and biological yields were significant in both years TABLE 1: Effect of iron and molybdenum treatments on the yield and yield components in lentil Seed yield (kg ha -1 ) Biological yield (kg ha -1 ) Harvest index (%) 1000-seed weight (g) Pod number (number/plant) Seed number (number /plant) Control 814 c 840 d 2888 b 2939 c 28.2 c 28.6 c 50.7 b 51.3 c 16.1 d 16.3 d 19.5 d 19.3 c 5 kg/ha 849 b 874 c 2838 b 2844 d 29.9 b 30.7 b 52.6 a 53.3 b 19.1 c 20.1 c 22.9 c 24.5 b 10 kg/ha 947 a 969 b 2997 a 3001 b 31.5 a 32.3 a 52.6 a 53.5 ab 22.0 b 23.8 b 26.2 b 28.3 a 20 kg/ha 956 a 1031 a 3039 a 3169 a 31.4 a 32.4 a 52.7 a 53.9 a 24.7 a 25.1 a 29.7 a 29.3 a Control 829 d 856 d 2872 c 2892 c 28.8 d 29.6 c 51.7 b 52.5 b 17.7 d 18.2 d 21.0 d 22.1 d 2 g/kg seed 862 c 893 c 2859 c 2924 c 30.2 c 30.6 b 51.8 b 52.7 b 19.4 c 19.9 c 23.5 c 23.8 c 4 g/kg seed 912 b 955 b 2962 b 3011 b 30.7 b 31.7 a 52.4 a 53.0 b 21.4 b 22.3 b 25.8 b 25.4 b 6 g/kg seed 963 a 1010 a 3969 a 3128 a 31.3 a 32.1 a 52.8 a 53.9 a 23.5 a 24.8 a 27.9 a 30.1 a *Values in a column with different letters are significantly different from each other (Duncan s multiple range tests, < 0.05)
360 LEGUME RESEARCH (2006-07 to 2008-09). The seed yield obtained from 20 kg ha -1 iron was 956 kg ha -1 during 2006-07 as against control (814 kg ha -1 ) whereas 1031 kg ha -1 during 2008-09 as against control of 840 kg ha -1. The seed yield under 6 g kg -1 seed molybdenum applications were reported as 963 kg ha -1 during 2006-07 and of 1010 kg ha -1 during 2008-09 as against the control of 829 to 856 kg ha -1 (Table 1). The maximum biological yield of 3039 kg ha -1 (2006-07) and 3169 kg ha -1 (2008-09) were obtained for treatment receiving Fe 20 kg ha -1, while minimum biological yield of 2888 kg ha -1 and 2939 kg ha -1 were obtained in control during the same years. Similar trends of increasing biological yield were reported for treatments receiving Mo of 6 g kg -1 seed of lentil (3969 kg ha -1, 2006-07 and 3128 kg ha -1, 2008-09). These result suggested that the normal level of micronutrients enhance the grain and biological yields of lentil above and below this level the yield significantly reduced. Similar observations were found by Srivastava and Ahlavat (1995). Plant growth parameters: Increasing levels of iron and molybdenum significantly increased the harvest index, 1000- seed weight, seed and pod number per plant, as well as nodule number and dry weight, shoot and root dry weight and plant height (Table 1 and 2). Harvest index: The effects of iron and molybdenum applications were statistically significant for harvest index in both years. The maximum harvest index was obtained from 20 kg ha -1 iron and 6 g kg -1 seed Mo applications, the lowest values were obtained from control plots in both years. Togay et al. (2008) reported that the maximum harvest index was obtained from 60 kg ha -1 P and 6 g kg -1 seed Mo applications. 1000 seed weight: Data regarding that 1000-seed weight was significantly affected by the application of molybdenum and iron. The maximum 1000 seed weight 52.7 to 53.9 g was obtained in treatment of Fe applied 20 kg ha -1 and 52.8 to 53.9 g was obtained where Mo applied 6 g per kg seed while the minimum 1000- seed weight 50.7 to 51.3 and 51.7 to 52.5 under control. These results indicated that nil or excess molybdenum and iron reduced the 1000-seed weight as compared to those plots which received normal levels of molybdenum and iron. Oguz (2004) reported that the greatest 1000 seed weights was obtained from 6 g/kg seed Mo applications in chickpea. Pods plant -1 : The data regarding number of pods plant -1 is presented in Table 1. Results showed that significant differences were found among various molybdenum and iron treatments for number of pods plant -1. However, more pods per plant under the treatment of Fe of 20 kg ha -1 and 23.5 to 24.8 under Mo treatment of 6 g kg -1 were found for both years and less pods plant-1of 16 to 18 were recorded in control. Srivastava and Ahlawat (1995) and Rabbani et al. (2005) also observed positive effect of molybdenum and reported that applied molybdenum gave statistically significance effect on the average number of pods plant -1. Number of seeds plant -1 : The results regarding number of seed/plant were obtained from iron and Mo applications showed significant differences on the average number of seeds plant. However, maximum seeds plant -1 (29.7) and (29.3) were found in treatment of Fe 20 kg ha -1 were applied while 27.9 to 30.1 under 6 g per kg seed of Mo treatment as against the control with minimum seed pod -1 (19.5 to 19.3) and (21 to 22.1). The increase in number of seeds pod -1 by the application of molybdenum along with iron may be due to the fact that molybdenum and iron may fixed that much amount of nitrogen which was required by the plant to show better performance as molybdenum is related directly to nitrogen fixation by legumes. Result also showed that the molybdenum and iron nutrition had similar effect on lentil. Similar observations were found by Landge et al. (2002) and Tahir et al. (2011) in case of chick pea. Shoot/root dry weight: The data obtained on shoot dry weight plant -1 is presented in Table 2. Highly significant differences were observed among the different molybdenum and iron treatments. The maximum shoot dry weight of 0.765 TABLE 2: Effect of iron and molybdenum treatments on the plant height, protein rate, nodule number, dry weight of nodule, shoot and root in lentil. Shoot dry weight (g /plant) Root dry weight (g /plant) Nodule number (number /plant) Nodule dry weight (mg /plant) Plant height (cm) Seed protein rate (%) Control 0.445 d 0.461 d 0.098 d 0.101 d 4.2 d 4.5 d 1.7 d 2.2 d 25.6 c 25.9 d 20.6 c 21.0 d 5 kg/ha 0.545 c 0.562 c 0.129 c 0.132 c 5.8 c 6.4 c 3.5 c 3.9 c 26.7 b 28.1 c 22.4 b 21.5 c 10 kg/ha 0.684 b 0.701 b 0.155 b 0.161 b 7.0 b 7.6 b 5.7 b 6.0 b 27.9 a 28.8 b 23.6 b 22.4 b 20 kg/ha 0.765 a 0.743 a 0.170 a 0.183 a 8.5 a 9.9 a 7.8 a 9.1 a 28.5 a 29.6 a 24.9 a 24.9 a Control 0.469 d 0.480 d 0.100 d 0.102 d 5.1 d 5.3 d 2.3 d 3.2 c 26.5 c 27.5 c 21.4 b 21.9 c 2 g/kg seed 0.588 c 0.582 c 0.141 c 0.151 c 6.1 c 6.7 c 4.8 c 5.4 b 26.8 bc 27.8 bc 22.8 a 22.3 bc 4 g/kg seed 0.646 b 0.671 b 0.151 b 0.163 b 6.7 b 7.6 b 5.5 b 6.1 ab 27.4 ab 28.4 ab 23.2 a 22.4 b 6 g/kg seed 0.737 a 0.733 a 0.161 a 0.172 a 7.6 a 8.8 a 6.1 a 6.5 a 28.1 a 28.7 a 24.1 a 23.3 a
Volume 38 Issue 3, 2015 361 TABLE 3: Effect of iron and molybdenum on nutrient content of seeds in lentil. Phosphorus (%) Manganese (mg kg -1 ) Zinc (mg kg -1 ) Copper (mg kg -1 ) (mg kg -1 ) (mgkg -1 ) Control 0.19 c 0.20 c 12.1 c 12.4 c 18.1 a 18.5 a 7.2 d 7.2 d 48.6 d 48.8 d 2.5 d 2.5 d 5 kg /ha 0.21 b 0.22 ab 12.9 b 12.9 b 17.3 b 17.8 b 8.8 c 9.1 c 54.7 c 54.4 c 2.9 c 3.2 c 10 kg/ha 0.21 ab 0.21 b 12.9 b 13.1 b 16.7 c 17.2 c 10.6 b 10.8 b 64.6 b 64.6 b 3.8 b 4.0 b 20 kg /ha 0.22 a 0.23 a 14.7 a 14.8 a 16.1 d 16.3 d 12.1 a 12.3 a 86.7 a 64.5 a 6.8 a 6.9 a Control 0.18 d 0.19 d 11.9 c 12.0 c 15.8 c 16.2 d 8.6 d 8.5 d 69.0 a 67.8 a 1.9 d 2.1 d 2 g/kg seed 0.20 c 0.21 c 13.1 b 12.8 b 16.2 c 16.7 c 9.4 c 9.6 c 67.9 a 68.2 a 4.3 c 4.4 c 4 g/kg seed 0.21 b 0.23 b 13.8 a 14.2 a 17.5 b 17.6 b 10.0 b 10.2 b 61.6 b 60.8 b 4.8 b 5.0 b 6 g/kg seed 0.24 a 0.25 a 13.8 a 14.2 a 18.8 a 19.2 a 10.7 a 11.1 a 55. 6 c 55.5 c 5.1 a 5.2 a * Values in a column with different letters are significantly different from each other (Duncan s multiple range tests, < 0.05) to 0.743 g under Fe treatment applied of 20kg ha -1 and 0.737 to 0.737 g were obtained in the treatment plots, where Mo applied of 6 g kg -1 seed. Similarly, the root dry weight showed significant increase in the treatment plots where Fe applied of 20 kg ha -1 and Mo of 6 g kg -1 seed. Nodule number and dry weight: The data obtained on numbers of nodules plant -1 at flowering stage are presented in Table 2. The data showed that molybdenum highly significantly and iron significantly affected the number and dry weight of nodules plant -1 in lentil as compared with control. The maximum nodules of 8.5 to 9.9 and dry weight of 7.8 to 9.1 mg plant -1 under Fe applied of 20 kg ha -1 and 7.6 to 8.8 number of nodules with dry weight of 6.1 to 6.5 mg plant -1 under treatment of Mo at of 6 g kg -1 seed. Bhanavase and Patil (1994) reported that molybdenum increased nodule numbers, nodule weight plant -1 and nitrogen concentration of nodules. Verma et al. (1988) observed in their pot experiment that molybdenum at 0.5-2 mg kg -1 increases the number of nodules in chickpea (cv. Radhey). The positive relationship of yield and yield components with iron and molybdenum could be related to increasing nitrogen fixation, which consequently resulted in increased growth and yield (Maurya et al., 1993; Togay et al., 2008). Plant height: The effects of different iron and molybdenum applications were found to be statistically significant for plant heights in both years (Table 2). The maximum plant heights were obtained from 20 kg ha -1 iron and 6 g kg -1 seed Mo applications. The diffe rence between 20 kg ha -1 iron and 10 kg ha -1 iron applications was statistically insignificant in first year (Table 2). The lowest values of plant height were recorded in control plots. Oguz (2004) in the study related with different Mo application in chickpea and Togay et al. (2008) reported that the highest plant height was obtained from 6 g kg -1 seed Mo application. Seed protein: The data obtained from the experiment showed a significant increase of seed protein content from 20 to 21 % under control to 24.9 % of crude protein in both years under the treatment of Fe applied of 20 kg/ha while 21.4 to 21.9 % under control to 23.3 to 24.1 % of protein under the treatment of Mo applied of 6 g kg -1 seed (Table 2). The difference in protein content is not significant between 6, 4 and 2 g kg -1 seed Mo applications during 2006-07. Nutrient content in lentil seed: The data obtained on iron concentration in seed of lentil is presented in Table 3. Significant differences in seed concentrations of phosphorous, manganese zinc, copper, iron and molybdenum were observed among the different treatments of molybdenum and iron. In lentil seed, the maximum concentration these nutrients were obtained for the treatment which receiving Fe of 20 kg ha -1 and Mo at 6 g kg -1 seed. It is interesting to note that the seed iron concentration almost doubled 86.7 mg kg -1 under the treatment of Fe of 20 kg ha -1 during 2006-07 as against control plot with iron of 48.8 mg kg -1 (Table 3). The decreased seed iron concentration from 69 in control to 55.6 mg kg -1 under Mo treatment of 6 g kg -1 seed was observed. Results showed that with increasing the levels of molybdenum and iron fertilizers the concentration of iron in plant leaves were also increased may be due to positive interaction between iron and molybdenum within legume plants. Moreover, these results showed that no treatment plot was found Fe-deficient for both chickpea genotypes, as the threshold values suggested by Katyal and Randhawa (1983). CONCLUSIONS Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that the application of Fe of 20 kg ha -1 and seed treatment of Mo of 6 g kg -1 seed of lentil in clay loam textured soils under similar agro climatic regions of Turkey led to reduction in nitrogen fertilization and improve of yield elements and seed quality of lentil. It is of special importance from economic and ecological aspects of rabi lentil cultivation in the region. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was supported by funds from Yuzuncu Yil University Scientific Researches Project Presidency (Project number: 2006-ZF-B65).
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