Evolution of Naturally Occurring Compounds Peter J Jones, PhD Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals University i of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Science of Foods for Health-Lecture Slides Quiz question 1 Which of the following foods did not exist in the paleolithic diet? a) fruits b) vegetables c) lean meat d) cereal grains e) fish/seafood Paleolithic diet : comparison with current energy sources Eaton World Rev Nutr Diet 1997 1
1,000 years ago? With the spread of agriculture, people shifted from nomadic groups to relatively stable and larger societies to tend the fields. Culture and knowledge flourished. People also began consuming large amounts of grain, milk, and domesticated meat as well as fermented products. And they became more sedentary as well. Abuissa, Dir Psych 2005 100 years ago With the industrial revolution, the diet changed even more dramatically. Beginning around 1900, whole grains were routinely refined, removing much of their nutrition, and refined sugar started to become commonplace. Reflecting on the changes in 1939, nutritionist Jean Bogert noted, "The machine age has had the effect of forcing upon the peoples of the industrial nations the most gigantic human feeding experiment ever attempted. Quiz question 2 One hundred years ago, people ate how much fat, relative to what they eat nowadays? a) 1/5th b) 1/3rd c) One half d) The same e) Twice as much Cordain, Amer J Clin Nutr 2005 2
10,000BC (Paleolithic era) Discovery of almonds 5,000BC 2,737BC 900BC Discovery of olives and olive oils Discovery of yogurt Discovery of tea Discovery of tomatoes 1800s (Industrial revolution) 1940s 1980s Discovery of Coca-Cola, Campbell s condensed soup canned meats, hydrogenated oils, refined grains Establishment of McDonald s, Dairy Queen, Minute Maid frozen OJ, Minute Rice, cake mix Invention of artificial sweeteners (Equal, Nutrasweet) Diet foods Stouffer s Lean Cuisine, Diet Coke Cordain, Amer J Clin Nutr 2005 Quiz question 3 Present day?? What is the most serious disorder in the developed world at present? a) lupus a) lupus b) heart disease c) osteoporosis d) obesity e) ingrown toenails 3
Frassetto, Eur J Nutr 2001 Do not despair!!! There may be hope yet Functional foods: foods of the future? Definitions: Functional Foods: Foods that provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition conventional foods eg. dietary fiber in wheat bran modified foods eg. margarine with added plant sterol Nutraceuticals: Functional food ingredients provided in concentrated for in capsules or tablets 4
Quiz question 4 Which of the following functional food ingredients has seen the fastest growth in sales over the past 5 years? a) lycopene b) probiotics c) plant sterols d) fibre e) omega-3 fats Functional food - lycopene Lycopene Potential to inhibit/prevent some cancers Ex: red fruits and vegetables i.e. tomatoes, pink grapefruit, watermelon Functional food - probiotics Probiotics Improve gastrointestinal health Ex: yogurt, enriched juice Functional food plant sterol Plant sterol Helps control blood cholesterol Ex: wood and soy oil Functional food - fibre Fibre Reduce risk of heart disease Ex: oat bran, psyllium Functional food - lutein Lutein Reduce risk of macular degeneration Ex: green leafy vegetables i.e. spinach, kale 5
Functional food beta carotene Beta carotene Reduce risk of some cancers Ex: bright orange fruits and vegetables i.e. carrots, sweet potatoes, cantaloupe Functional food omega 3 Omega 3 fatty acids Reduce risk of heart disease, cancer, diabetes Ex: fish, canola oils, flax, enriched eggs, milk Functional food - polyphenol Polyphenol Reduce risk of cancer and heart disease Ex: tea, olive oil Quiz question 5 What were the sales of functional foods globally in 2005 (in US$)? a) 10 million b) 100 million c) 2 billion d) 20 billion e) 90 billion Expanding Market Opportunities Source: Nutrition Business Journal (NBJ) Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals SmartPark, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg 6
Mission To lead functional foods and nutraceuticals research for the improvement of health and nutrition, and to support the development of an economically viable FF&N industry in Manitoba and western Canada. Vision To be a nationally and internationally recognized centre for research and development related to functional foods and nutraceuticals. Role Functional of the Richardson Foods and Centre Health for Functional Promotion: Foods and Nutraceuticals Cycle of Success Media Activity Industry Growth Market penetration Consumer Buy-In Perception and interest + Health Claims Regulatory review Concept Generation (Theory) Novel ideas Publication Peer-reviewed Product Development (Reality) Prototype evolution Efficacy & Safety Cell, animal, human studies Evidence Substantiates effects Future: 25 years ahead? Will be looking at gourmet foods or all essentials in one food? New vitamins/ minerals? Anti-aging i Anti-cancer Essentiality of functional foods i.e. plant sterols Genetically modified crops/ livestock? 7
Challenges for the future Health claims on foods Permits communication of the health benefits of functional foods and nutraceuticals to the consumer Quiz question 6 How many health claims are permitted on foods in Canada? a) 0 b) 5 c) 20 d) 40 e) 400 Challenges for the future Regulatory environment in Canada is restrictive Canada allows 5 food health claims US allows 18 food health claims Japan allows 600 food health claims China allows 7,200 food health claims 8
A fundamental disparity exists between what is defined as nutrient requirement versus what is identified as a health benefit of a functional food. The examples provided for both essential and nonessential dietary constituents show that if the provision of a functional food beyond the level of recommended intakes yields health benefits, then requirement for that functional ingredient must be underestimated. Jones and Varady, Appl J Phys Nutr Met 2009 So how far have we progressed in all of this? Ancestral Diets Modern Diets Ancestral Diets Modern Diets 10,000 years Summary Ancestral Diets Modern Diets 10 years 9