Biochemistry
2 A. Structure and Function 1. arbon a. Forms four (4) covalent bonds linked together in chains or rings Forms skeleton of basic biochemicals b. in three dimensions (3D) Diagrams in 2D may appear as 90 o angles Actual angle in 3D is 109.5 o Tetrahedryl shape c.,,,
2. Functional Groups 3 ydroxyl Polar Alcohols and sugars arboxyl (Acid), Polar & acidic rganic acids, fatty acids, and amino acids
2. Functional Groups 4 Methyl 3 Nonpolar & hydrophobic Side chains, lipids Amino (Amine) N 2, N 3 + Polar & basic Amino acids; proteins
2. Functional Groups 5 Phosphate Polar & acidic DNA, RNA, ATP, and phospholipids 2 P 4, P 4, P 2-4
B. Macromolecules 6 Four Major lasses Fuels: arbohydrates and Lipids similar in all organisms sequence not coded by DNA Information: Proteins and Nucleic Acids distinctive in each organism unit sequence coded by DNA
1. arbohydrates 7 Fuel and Building Material Suffix -ose Size of carbon skeleton varies from 3 to 7 lassification # of arbon Example Triose 3 Glyceraldehyde Pentose 5 Ribose exose 6 Glucose
a. Monosaccharides 8 = simple sugars (one sweet) - (hydroxyl) attached to all but one remaining bonded to an oxygen = (carbonyl) 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen Glucose ( 6 12 6 )
a. Monosaccharides 9 Soluble in water Taste sweet Many form rings in solution Galactose ( 6 12 6 ) Deoxyribose ( 5 10 5 ) 2 2
a. Monosaccharides 10 Many monosaccharides are isomers Same molecular formula Different structural formulas With different physical properties ( 6 12 6 ) ( 6 12 6 ) ( 6 12 6 ) 2 Galactose 2 Glucose 2 2 Fructose
ondensation of Maltose 11 Dehydration Synthesis 6 12 6 + 6 12 6 2 + 12 22 11
ydrolysis of Maltose 12 Water is split (hydrolysis) Reverse reaction of condensation The metabolism of digestion ydrolysis 2 + 12 22 11 6 12 6 + 6 12 6
b. Disaccharides 13 = double sugars (two sweets) 2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis (condensation) Sucrose is a disaccharide of glucose & fructose 2 Glucose + + 2 2 Fructose 2 2 Sucrose & Water 2
b. Disaccharides 14 Water is removed from the monosaccharides (dehydration) A disaccharide is produced (synthesis) 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen remains Part of the metabolism in many plants sucrose = table sugar (pure cane sugar) 2 2 2
c. Polysaccharides 15 = polymers of monosaccharides = complex carbohydrates formed by condensation polymerization glucose molecules linked by dehydration synthesis 4 basic types storage structure plants animals
c. Polysaccharides 16 4 basic types storage structure plants Starches animals Starches helical glucose polymer Amylose: 1, 4 linkages
17 4 basic types storage structure plants Starches animals Starches helical glucose polymer Amylose: 1, 4 linkages Amylpectin: 1, 4 with 1, 6 branching
c. Polysaccharides 18 4 basic types storage structure plants Starches ellulose animals ellulose linear glucose polymer 1, 4 and 4, 6 linkages plant cell walls fiber and wood
c. Polysaccharides 19 4 basic types storage structure plants Starches ellulose animals Glycogen Glycogen large glucose polymer 1, 4 and 4, 6 linkages extensively branched stored in liver and muscle tissue
c. Polysaccharides 20 4 basic types storage structure plants Starches ellulose animals Glycogen hitin hitin structural polymer of amino sugar similar to glucose arthropod exoskeletons fungi cell walls
21 Plant Starch (Amylose) Actually forms a spiral 2 Glucose 2 2 2 2 2 Polymerization of glucose to form starch
Starch 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
ellulose Structure 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 23
ellulose 24
hitin 25 2 3 N 2 3 N 2 N 2 N 2 N 3 3 3
hitin 26
2. Lipids 27 ydrophobic Molecules Nonpolar; mostly and Diverse a) Triglycerides b) Phospholipids c) Steroids
a. Triglycerides 28 Three fatty acids and a glycerol Glycerol has 3 carbons each with an group Each fatty acid has a group These condense to form triglyceride and three 2 (by dehydration synthesis)
Fatty Acids 29 Determines properties of fat ydrocarbon chain with a Most fats = 3 FAs + glycerol Glycerol: 3-carbon alcohol 3 s attract the of FAs Saturated - No = double bonds Unsaturated - ne or more = double bonds
3 chains may be the same or may differ a. Triglycerides 30 Variations are in the fatty acid composition: length of chain number and location of = bonds
31 Triglyceride Triglyceride (Fat) Formation Add 3 Fatty Acids Glycerol 3 Waters Remove These Waters
a. Triglycerides 32 Saturated Fats No = double bonds Maximum number of hydrogen Usually solid Beef Fat Animal sources
a. Triglycerides 33 Unsaturated Fats (ils) ne or more = double bonds Tails kink Linseed il Usually liquid Plant sources
b. Phospholipids 34 Two fatty acids, a polar head, and a glycerol Like a triglyceride 1 fatty acid swapped for polar phosphate Soap-like properties ydrophobic and ydrophilic ends omponent of ell Membranes
b. Phospholipids 35 Polar ead Glycerol Fatty Acid Tails ydrophilic ydrophobic
c. Fat-like Substances 36 omplex ring forms arotenoids holesterol Natural substance Found in cell surfaces
Steroids (holesterol derivatives) 37 holesterol Estradiol Testosterone
3. Proteins 38 Polymers of amino acids Molecular tools for multiple roles Enzymes i.e. amylase, catalase ormones i.e. insulin, glucagon arriers i.e. hemoglobin, cytochromes Structure i.e. collagen, myosin
a. Amino Acids 39 Small molecules 20 kinds 1 carboxyl group 1 amino group N 2 1 hydrogen atom 1 variable "R" group determines uniqueness Joined by peptide bonds to form polypeptide Different sequence makes different protein
a. Amino Acids 40 Amino Group arboxylic Acid Group R entral arbon R Group (20 variations)
d. Fibrous Protein 41 ollagen consists of three chains wrapped as a triple helix Fibrous structural, extended water insoluble
Pepsin d. Globular Protein digestive enzyme hydrolysis of peptide bonds 42 Globular non-structural compact, sherical
d. Protein Denaturation 43 Loss of function Process of unfolding or grossly changing the tertiary structure of a protein. igh temps Extreme p Salts
Amino Acids: Phenylalanine Structure 44 Amine Group arboxylic Acid Group Alpha arbon Phenylalanine R Group
Amino Acids: Leucine Structure 45 Amine Group arboxylic Acid Group Leucine R Group
Amino Acids: ysteine Structure 46 Amine Group arboxylic Acid Group ysteine R Group
b. Peptide Bond Phenylalanine Leucine 47 By ondensation between & N 2
b. Dipeptide Peptide Bond 48 Water
c. Structural omplexity 49 Primary: AA sequence, disulfide bridges Secondary: oiling of the chain helices or pleated sheets Tertiary: folding and rotating Quaternary: Two or more polypeptides chains
c. Structural omplexity Primary Tertiary (Sequence) (Folding) 50 Quaternary (Layering) Secondary (oiling)
helices or pleated sheets 51 Secondary Structures Insulin two chains a helix in the green chain two short helices in blue Fibronectin a cell adhesion protein consists entirely of beta-sheets
4. Nucleic Acids 52 Information polymers ondensation of nucleotides Phosphate of one nucleotide to Sugar of next nucleotide
a. Nucleotides 53 Each nucleotide is made of three parts a pentose (ribose or deoxyribose) a phosphate group ( P 4 ) a nitrogenous base (5 types source of variation)
54 a. Nucleotides N 2 Phosphate Group P 2 N N N N Deoxyribose or Ribose Nitrogenous Base (1 of 5) Pentose Sugar
a. Nucleotides 55 May make RNA or DNA Some are energy carriers (ATP, NAD) Some are chemical messengers (camp)
Nucleic Acid Molecule Nucleotides can be joined together into a chain 56 Result is a nucleic acid Nucleotide polymer DNA or RNA onnected by sugarphosphate backbone
yclic AMP: (Adenosine Monophosphate) N 2 57 Used for intracellular communication 2 N N N N Ribose P
ATP: (Adenosine Triphosphate) 58 Used for energy transfer N 2 from one molecule to another P P P 2 N N N N Deoxyribose or Ribose
59 oenzyme Structure N 2 P 2 N N N N Deoxyribose or Ribose