Myers Psychology for AP* David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, 2010 *AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation Unit Overview Motivational Concepts Hunger Sexual Motivation The Need to Belong Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation. 1
Introduction Motivation Motivational Concepts Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology Instinct (fixed pattern) Instincts in animals Instincts in humans 2
Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Need Drive Drive reduction Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Need Drive Drive reduction Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Need Drive Drive reduction 3
Drives and Incentives Incentive Positive and negative Optimum Arousal Arousal Optimum level of arousal A Hierarchy of Motives Maslow s hierarchy of needs Variations in the hierarchy 4
A Hierarchy of Motives A Hierarchy of Motives A Hierarchy of Motives 5
A Hierarchy of Motives A Hierarchy of Motives A Hierarchy of Motives 6
A Hierarchy of Motives Hunger The Physiology of Hunger Contractions of the stomach Washburn study 7
The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Glucose Insulin Hypothalamus Lateral hypothalamus orexin Vetromedial hypothalamus The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Appetite hormones Ghrelin Obestatin PYY Leptin Set point Basal metabolic rate The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture Taste preferences Genetic: sweet and salty Neophobia Adaptive taste preferences 8
The Psychology of Hunger Eating Disorders Eating disorders Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Binge-eating disorder Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation 9
Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation Obesity and Weight Control Historical explanations for obesity Obesity Definition Statistics Obesity and life expectancy 10
Obesity Obesity Obesity and Weight Control The Social Effects of Obesity Social effects of obesity Weight discrimination Psychological effects of obesity 11
Weight Discrimination Weight Discrimination Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity Fat Cells 12
Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity Set point and metabolism Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity The genetic factor The food and activity factor Sleep loss Social influence Food consumption and activity level Obesity and Weight Control Losing Weight Realistic and moderate goals Success stories Attitudinal changes 13
Sexual Motivation The Physiology of Sex The Sexual Response Cycle Sexual response cycle Excitement phase Plateau phase Orgasm Resolution phase Refractory period The Physiology of Sex Hormones and Sexual Behavior Effects of hormones Development of sexual characteristics Activate sexual behavior Estrogen Testosterone 14
The Psychology of Sex External stimuli Imagined stimuli Dreams Sexual fantasies Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation 15
Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation Ignorance Adolescent Sexuality Teen Pregnancy Minimal communication about birth control Guilt related to sexual activity Alcohol use Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity 16
Adolescent Sexuality Sexually Transmitted Infections Statistics of STIs Teen abstinence High intelligence Religious engagement Father presence Participation in service learning programs Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation Homosexual orientation Heterosexual orientation Sexual orientation statistics Psychological Questions Is homosexuality linked with problems in a child s relationship with parents, such as a domineering mother and an ineffectual father, or possessive mother and a hostile father? Does homosexuality involve fear or hatred of people of the other gender, leading individuals to direct their sexual desires toward members of their own sex? 17
Psychological Questions Is sexual orientation linked with levels of sex hormones currently in the blood? As children, are homosexuals likely to have been molested, seduced, or otherwise sexually victimized by an adult homosexual? Sexual Orientation Origins of Sexual Orientation Origins of sexual orientation studies Fraternal birth order effect Same-sex attraction in animals The brain and sexual orientation Genes and sexual orientation Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation The Need to Belong 18
The Need to Belong Aiding survival Wanting to belong Sustaining relationships The pain of ostracism ostracism The End Definition Slides 19
Motivation = a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. Instinct = a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned. Drive-reduction Theory = the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. 20
Homeostasis = a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level. Incentive = a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior Hierarchy of Needs = Maslow s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. 21
Glucose = the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger. Set Point = the point at which an individual s weight thermostat is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight. Basal Metabolic Rate = the body s resting rate of energy expenditure. 22
Anorexia Nervosa = an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve. Bulimia Nervosa = an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually highcalorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise. Binge-eating Disorder = significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa. 23
Sexual Response Cycle = the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Refractory Period = a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm. Estrogens = sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity. 24
Testosterone = the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. Sexual Orientation = an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation). 25