C-reactive protein (CRP): Effects and Natural Substances that May Lower CRP

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1 C-reactive protein (CRP): Effects and Natural Substances that May Lower CRP C-reactive protein (CRP) is produced by the liver. The level of CRP rises when there is inflammation throughout the body. It is one of a group of proteins called "acute phase reactants" that go up in response to inflammation. A high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-crp) test, which is more sensitive than a standard test, also can be used to evaluate your risk of developing coronary artery disease. High levels of CRP are associated with a higher risk of cognitive decline in comparison to lower levels. [ 1 ] Table: Neurotoxic Effects of C-reactive protein (CRP) C-Reactive Protein Cause Effect Reference(s) Alzheimer s Multiple-Infarct Dementia The brains of Alzheimer s Disease patients contain higher than normal levels of C-Reactive Protein. The brains of multiple-infarct dementia patients contain higher than normal levels of C-Reactive Protein. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

2 Table: Nootropics/Nutraceuticals/Foods/Herbs that may Lower C-Reactive Protein* C-Reactive Protein Category Nootropics/Nutraceuticals/Foods/Herbs Reference(s) Amino Acids Carotenoids Enzymes Foods Herbs Hormones Lipids Minerals Polyphenols Arginine [ 5 ] Astaxanthin [ 6 ] Proteolytic enzymes [ 7 ] Cacao [ 8 ] Green Tea [ 9 ] Golden Root [ 10 ] Nettle [ 11 ] Red Clover [ 12 ] DHEA [ 13 ] Alpha-Linolenic Acid [ 14 ] EPA [ 15 ] Magnesium [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Selenium [ 18 ] Curcumin [ 19 ] Kaempferol [ 20 ]

3 Malvidin [ 21 ] Quercetin [ 22 ] Resveratrol [ 23 ] Probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus [ 24 ] Vitamins Folic Acid [ 25 ] Vitamin B6 [ 26 ] Vitamin C [ 27 ] Vitamin D [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Vitamin E [ 30 ] *Note: The contents of this document have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. Any substances referred to in this document are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Information and statements made are for education purposes and are not intended to replace the advice of your treating doctor. BioFoundations does not dispense medical advice, prescribe, or diagnose illness. If you have a severe medical condition or health concern, consult your physician.

4 References: 1 Yaffe, K., Lindquist, K., Penninx, B. W., et al. Inflammatory markers and cognition in wellfunctioning African-American and white elders. Neurology. 2003;61(1):76 80 2 Iwamoto, N., et al. Demonstration of CRP immunoreactivity in brains of Alzheimer s disease: immunohistochemical study using formic acid pretreatment of tissue sections. Neurosci Lett. 177(1-2):23-26, 1994. Schmidt, R., et al. Early inflammation and dementia: a 25-year follow-up of the Honolulu-Asia aging study. Annals of Neurology. 52(2):168-174, 2002. Van Dijk,.E. J., et al. C-reactive protein and cerebral small-vessel disease: the Rotterdam Scan Study. Circulation. 112(6):900-905, 2005. 3 Schmidt, R., et al. Early inflammation and dementia: a 25-year follow-up of the Honolulu-Asia aging study. Annals of Neurology. 52(2):168-174, 2002. Van Dijk,.E. J., et al. C-reactive protein and cerebral small-vessel disease: the Rotterdam Scan Study. Circulation. 112(6):900-905, 2005. 4 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/cpn/2012/120540/ 5 Wells, B. J., et al. Association between dietary arginine and C-reactive protein. Nutrition. 21(2):125-130, 2005. 6 Parks, J. S., et al. Astaxanthin decreased oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced immune response in humans. Nutr Metab (Lond). 7(1):18, 2010. 7 Dean, W. C-reactive protein: biomarker and cardiovascular risk factor what to do about it. Vitamin Research News. 17(12), 2003. Cichoke, A. Enzymes hasten pain relief. Nutrition Science News. February 2001 8 di Giuseppe, R., et al. Regular consumption of dark chocolate is associated with low serum concentrations of C-reactive protein in a healthy Italian population. Journal of Nutrition. 138(10):1939-1945, 2008. 9 De Bacquer, D., Clays, E., Delanghe, J., and De Backer, G. Epidemiological evidence for an association between habitual tea consumption and markers of chronic inflammation. Atherosclerosis. 2006;189(2):428 435 10 Abidov, M., et al. Extract of Rhodiola rosea radix reduces the level of C-reactive protein and creatinine kinase in the blood. Bull Exp Biol Med. 138(1):63-64, 2004. 11 More bad news on estrogen drugs and heart health. Life Extension. 7(3), 2001. 12 Asgary, S., et al. Effects of dietary red clover on blood factors and cardiovascular fatty streak formation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Phytotherapy Research. 21(8):768-770, 2007.

5 13 More bad news on estrogen drugs and heart health. Life Extension. 7(3), 2001. 14 Klein-Platat, C., et al. Plasma fatty acid composition is associated with the metabolic syndrome and low-grade inflammation in overweight adolescents. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 82(6):1178-1184, 2005. Lopez-Garcia, E., et al. Consumption of (n-3) fatty acids is related to plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial activation in women. Journal of Nutrition. 134(7):1806-1811, 2004. Rallidis, L. S., et al. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid decreases C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A and interleukin-6 in dyslipidaemic patients. Atherosclerosis. 167(2):237-242, 2003. Zhao, G., et al. Dietary {alpha}-linolenic acid reduces inflammatory and lipid cardiovascular risk factors in hypercholesterolemic men and women. Journal of Nutrition. 134(11):2991-2997, 2004. 15 Bloomer, R. J., et al. Effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid on resting and exercise-induced inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers: a randomized, placebo controlled, cross-over study. Lipids Health Dis. 8(1):36, 2009. Klein-Platat, C., et al. Plasma fatty acid composition is associated with the metabolic syndrome and low-grade inflammation in overweight adolescents. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 82(6):1178-1184, 2005. Micallef, M. A., et al. An inverse relationship between plasma n-3 fatty acids and C- reactive protein in healthy individuals. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009. 16 Guerrwero-Romero, F., et al. Relationship between serum magnesium levels and C- reactive protein concentration, in non-diabetic, non-hypertensive obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 26(4):469-474, 2002. King, D. E., et al. Dietary magnesium and C-reactive protein levels. J Am Coll Nutr. 24(3):166-171, 2005. King, D. E., et al. Magnesium intake and serum C-reactive protein levels in children. Magnesium Research. 20(1):32-36, 2007. Rodriguez-Moran, M., et al. Serum magnesium and C-reactive protein levels. Arch Dis Child. 2007. Song, Y., et al. Magnesium intake and plasma concentrations of markers of systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 85(4):1068-1074, 2007. 17 Cavicchia, P. P., Steck, S. E., Hurley, T. G., et al. A new dietary inflammatory index predicts interval changes in serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Journal of Nutrition. 2009;139(12):2365 2372

6 18 Duntas, L. H. Selenium and inflammation: underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Horm Metab Res. 41(6):443-447, 2009. 19 Banerjee, M., et al. Modulation of inflammatory mediators by ibuprofen and curcumin treatment during chronic inflammation in rat. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 25(2):213-224, 2003. 20 Chun, O. K., et al. Serum C-reactive protein concentrations are inversely associated with dietary flavonoid intake in U.S. adults. Journal of Nutrition. 138(4):753-760, 2008. 21 Chun, O. K., et al. Serum C-reactive protein concentrations are inversely associated with dietary flavonoid intake in U.S. adults. Journal of Nutrition. 138(4):753-760, 2008. 22 Chun, O. K., et al. Serum C-reactive protein concentrations are inversely associated with dietary flavonoid intake in U.S. adults. Journal of Nutrition. 138(4):753-760, 2008. Kaur, G., et al. Effect of wine phenolics on cytokine-induced C-reactive protein expression. J Thromb Haemost. 5(6):1309-1317, 2007. 23 Kaur, G., et al. Effect of wine phenolics on cytokine-induced C-reactive protein expression. J Thromb Haemost. 5(6):1309-1317, 2007. 24 Kekkonen, R. A., et al. Probiotic intervention has strain-specific anti-inflammatory effects in healthy adults. World J Gastroenterol. 14(13):2029-206, 2008. 25 Solini, A., et al. Effect of short-term folic acid supplementation on insulin sensitivity and inflammatory markers in overweight subjects. Int J Obes (London). 30(8):1197-1202, 2006. 26 Friso, S., et al. Low circulating vitamin B(6) is associated with elevation of the inflammation marker C-reactive protein independently of plasma homocysteine levels. Circulation. 103(23):2788-2791, 2001. Friso, S., et al. Low plasma vitamin B-6 concentrations and modulation of coronary artery disease risk. Am J Clin Nutr. 79(6):992-998, 2004. 27 Block, G., et al. Plasma C-reactive protein concentrations in active and passive smokers: influence of antioxidant supplementation. J Am Coll Nutr. 23(2):141-147, 2004. Block, G., et al. Vitamin C treatment reduces elevated C-reactive protein. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008. Langlois, M., et al. Serum vitamin C concentration is low in peripheral arterial disease and is associated with inflammation and severity of atherosclerosis. Circulation. 103(14):1863-1868, 2001. 28 Ngo, D. T., et al. Does vitamin D modulate asymmetric dimethylarginine and C- reactive protein concentrations? Am J Med. 123(4):335-341, 2010.

7 Timms, P. M., et al. Circulating MMP9, vitamin D and variation in the TIMP-1 response with VDR genotype: Van den Berghe, G., et al. Bone turnover in prolonged critical illness: effect of vitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 88(10):4623-4632, 2003. 29 Liu, L. C. Y., Voors, A. A., van Veldhuisen, D. J., et al. Vitamin D status and outcomes in heart failure patients. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2011;13(6):619 625 30 Devaraj, S., et al. Alpha tocopherol supplementation decreases serum C-reactive protein and monocyte interleukin-6 levels in normal volunteers and type 2 diabetic patients. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 29(8):790-792, 2000. Murphy, R. T., et al. Vitamin E modulation of C-reactive protein in smokers with acute coronary syndromes. Free Radic Biol Med. 36(8):959-965, 2004. Upritchard, J. E., et al. Effect of supplementation with tomato juice, vitamin E, and vitamin C on LDL oxidation and products of inflammatory activity in Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 23:733-738, 2000. Wang, X. L., et al. Cosupplementation with vitamin E and coenzyme Q10 reduces circulating markers of inflammation in baboons. Am J Clin Nutr. 80(3):649-655, 2004.