Test Review 2 Chapter 5 Anxiety Disrders Mst cmmn and effective frm f treatment = Expsure Anxiety Disrders Mst cmmn psychiatric disrders Phbias mst cmmn f the anxiety disrders Often Cmrbid with Majr Depressin Anxiety is assciated with a lack f cntrl Includes the fllwing Specific and Scial Phbias Panic Disrder and Agraphbia Generalized Anxiety Disrder OCD PTSD and ASD Phbias Persn must be aware that fear is irratinal Fear ut f prprtin Interferes with daily life Specific Phbias Fcused n specific thing (dg, snake, etc.) High cmrbidity (fear f bth needles and bld) Mwrer s 2 factr mdel Stimulus paired with aversive uncnditined stimulus Avidance maintained thrugh negative reinfrcement Prblem with this mdel is that nt everyne becmes cnditined, this suggests a diathesis Scial Phbia Intense fear f scial situatins Like an incredibly intense and extreme shyness Treated with beta blckers which lwers adrenaline Safety behavirs (avid eye cntact, d nt talk t peple) cause patients t be viewed as lacking scial skill Patients have a negative evaluatin f themselves, and fear thers d as well Place much mre attentin t their wn internal cues (heart rate, sweating, etc.) than smene withut the disrder Panic Disrder
Frequent panic attacks that are nt related t the situatin Panic Attacks Intense feeling f impending dm, terrr, etc. Can be caused by a feeling that they lack cntrl Can be caused by reading t much int bdily symptms (heart rate increases = heart attack) Agraphbia (fear place with peple) can ccur due t fear f having a panic attack Generalized Anxiety Disrder Chrnic, uncntrllable wrry Must last at least 6 mnths Must interfere with daily life Wrse prgnsis than ther anxiety disrders Obsessive-Cmpulsive Disrder Obsessins Intrusive, uncntrllable thughts r urges Cmpulsins Impulse t perfrm certain behavirs r rituals Obsessins cause stress, cmpulsins relieve stress and reinfrce the behavir Persn is aware f that bsessins and cmpulsins are irratinal Pst-Traumatic Stress Disrder Persn experiences traumatic event which leads t intense fear r helplessness Persn experiences a sever trauma Symptms must be present fr at least a mnth If symptms are present fr less than a mnth they the disrder is classified as Acute Stress Disrder Expsure is mst effective treatment Chapter 6 Smatfrm Disrders and Dissciative Disrders Dissciative Disrders Dissciative Amnesia Usually ccurs suddenly after a traumatic event, memry has a large hle in it Prgnsis is that the patient will generally recver suddenly and cmpletely Dissciative Identity Disrder Frmerly knwn as multiple persnality disrder Assciated with severe child abuse
Repressed memry cntrversy Mre in depth than different facets f persnality, whle ther persns Scicultural thery suggests patient s may react t therapist s suggestin Scial Rle enactment Sme believe DID des nt exist and peple are suggestive and/r are seeking attentin At least ne persnality des nt share memries May share implicit memries Main gal f treatment = integratin Hypnsis is a ppular methd Dissciative Fugue Similar t amnesia, but persn travels and generally becmes smene new Has n memry f their time in the fugue Depersnalizatin Disrder Perceptin f self is altered Feel detached Out f bdy experience, like yu are watching yurself Smatfrm Disrders Pain Disrder Cannt be accunted fr by Organic pathlgy Pain nt explained by ther cnditin Patient cannt give specific accunts f the pain Factitius Disrder When a persn makes themselves sick Malingering When a persn pretends t be sick fr their wn mtives Bdy Dysmrphic Disrder Preccupatin with a specific part f the bdy (i.e. my nse is t big) Much plastic surgery and many suicidal thughts Hypchndriasis Preccupatin with having a serius diseass Cnversin Disrder Used t be hysterics A psychlgical symptm cnverts int a physical symptm (i.e. trauma f watching children trtured cnverts int blindness) La belle indifference (patient des nt seem t care abut their predicament)
Blindness cnversin disrder patients may react t visual cues, but d nt realize they are reacting t these cues Research has been dne invlving seeing images befre yu register them, and hw they can affect yu (subliminal messages) Prblem with smatfrm disrders is that mst patients d nt seek psychlgical help, thugh they require it. Chapter 7 Stress and Health Psychlgical factrs affecting Medical Cnditins When psychlgical factrs affect existing medical cnditins Behaviral medicine Gal is t understand, prevent, and treat illnesses influenced by psychlgical factrs Health Psychlgy Psychlgy dealing with the rle f psychlgical factrs in health and illness Selye s General Adaptatin Syndrme Phase 1: Alarm Reactin: Initial stress Phase 2: Resistance: Damage ccurs as persn adapts t stress Phase 3: Exhaustin: Persn can die r suffer irreversible damage due t stress Cping Prblem fcused cping deal with the prblem and slve it Emtin fcused cping Make effrts t reduce negative emtins yu are feeling Used in different situatins by different peple Avidance cping pretty much always maladaptive, unless it really is just better t frget abut it (get rejected by every medical schl) Scial Supprt Structural Have lts f friends Functinal Have high quality friends Functinal is mre beneficial (quality > quantity) Stress-Illness Link Everyne has their wn weakness t stress Falls int a diathesis-stress categry Can be changed by changing behavirs and physilgy Bilgically based stress theries Allstatic Lad Expsure t crtisl (stress hrmne) fr lng perids f time can causing much damage Can negatively impact yur immune system (Psychneurimmunlgy) Stress causes immune system t release cytkines, which trigger fatigue, fever, etc. (the bdy s respnse t fight ff illness)
Psychlgically based stress theries Psychdynamic Anger in thery Unexpressed hstility causes negative emtins causing stress Cgnitive Seeing things in yur life as mre than yu can handle causes stress Persnality Chrnic negative emtins can cause health prblems and a less effective immune system Cardivascular disrders affected by stress Type A Behavir: Anger, impatience, hstility (bth men and wmen) and cmpetitiveness (men nly) can cause Essential Hypertensin N bilgical cause High Bld pressure Causes greater chance f strke, heart attack Crnary heart disease Angina Pectris Chest pain caused by insufficient xygen t the heart Triggered by physical exertin r stress Mycardial Infectin (heart attack) Caused by insufficient xygen t the heart Often results in permanent heart damage CHD is als linked t the fllwing Bld pressure mre sensitive t stress Chlesterl is higher Abnrmal calcium depsits Cigarette and alchl use Metablic syndrme Anxiety Depressin Asthma Cnstricted air passages Stress can cause attacks and increase symptms ccurrence AIDS Can be prevented by changing behavirs Cndm use Mngamy Strategies Prvide accurate infrmatin abut HIV transmissin Instructin in cndm use
Teach sexual assertiveness skills Resist pressure t have sex Gender and health Wmen live lnger but in prer health Wmen are less likely t exhibit type a behavir Sciecnmic Status Lw status = mre health prblems, high status = less health prblems Examples f reasns fr this are less access t fd, mre liqur, less time t exercise, health care nt as gd Race Mrtality rates fr African Americans in the US is twice that f whites Stress due t discriminatin is ne pssible explanatin Managing Stress Relaxatin Changing yur thughts Changing yur behavirs Changing yur envirnment