R. Siebert
Irreversible shock can defined as last phase of shock where despite correcting the initial insult leading to shock and restoring circulation there is a progressive decline in blood pressure and perfusion with progressive organ failure and death despite any heroic attempts to resuscitate the patient.
Pre-terminal event Made retrospectively end result in all forms of shock Classical article The nature of irreversible shock Lillehei et el Annals of Surgery, October 1964
Interrelationship Between Shock Due to Epinephrine, Endotoxin and Haemorrhage. Group Dogs Survivors Haemorrhagic shock "controls" 41 2 Haemorrhagic shock in endotoxin 10 9 tolerant dogs Haemorrhagic shock in epinephrine 10 8 tolerant dogs Endotoxin shock "controls" 90 6 Endotoxin shock in epinephrine 10 7 tolerant dogs Epinephrine shock "controls" 10 1 Epinephrine shock in endotoxin 10 9 tolerant dogs I Survived 72 hours or more.
Vicious Circles in Irreversible Shock.
Impaired oxidative metabolism and oxygen debt (Crowel et al 1964) with increased venous C02 due to decreased CO2 clearance and increased formation of anaerobically derived acids DO2 decreased and once maximum O2 extraction is reached anaerobic metabolism and hyperlactenemia suffice ATP generation impaired by lack of oxygen, increased NO and peroxynitrate and superoxide Inflammatory mediators ( TNF, Endotoxins, free radicals ) inhibit mitochondrial function
Tissue hypoxia : inhibition of cellular oxidative metabolism : cardiac, renal, splanchnic etc. and accumulation if intracellular CO2. Abnormal mitochondrial function Endothelial injury with micro vascular thrombosis, decreased capillary density and increased capillary permeability Reperfusion injury with induction of apoptosis and necrosis of injured cells
Sidestream dark-field images in apatient with septic shock. Vincent J-L, De Backer D. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1726-1734
Mechanisms of Vasodilatory Shock.
Regulation of Vascular Smooth-Muscle Tone.
Effect of Membrane Potential on the Regulation of Vascular Tone.
Determine the type of circulatory shock. Hyperdynamic vs hypodynamic shock Use hemodynamic parameters and clinical information
Initial Assessment of Shock States. Vincent J-L, De Backer D. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1726-1734
Distributive shock Cardiogenic shock Hypovolemic shock Obstructive shock
increased OR Normal CO, decreased SVR, SVO2 normal or increased ( shunting ) PAWP : Normal or decreased Clinically ( warm shock)
Cardiogenic shock Hypovolemic shock Obstructive shock
The difficult one ( Cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax, abdominal compartment syndrome, Massive PE) CO decreased PAWP normal or increased SVR increased SV02 ( increased )
Decreased CO Increased PAWP Increased SVR Decreased Sv02
( The obvious or difficult one ) CO, PAWP, SvO2 all decreased SVR increased Associated with irreversible shock
A useful mnemonic to describe the important components of resuscitation is the VIP rule : ventilate (oxygen administration), infuse (fluid resuscitation), and pump (administration of vasoactive agents).
Vincent J-L, De Backer D. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1726-1734 Four Phases in the Treatment of Shock.
Early goal directed treatment in the first 6 hours. ( VIP Treatment ) Review diagnosis when not responding Optimize Hb, electrolytes and ph, Optimize ventilation Decreased sedatives dose Use correct inotropes/vasopressor for hemodynamics and Vasopressin + hydrocortisone( hyperdynamic (septic)shock) Consider ECMO, Aortic balloon counter pulsation
Scv02 PsvC02-PaC02 Lactate clearance
Guidelines for the Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock from the Surviving Sepsis Campaign. Angus DC, van der Poll T. N Engl J Med 2013;369:840-851
Medical history i.e., myocardial infarction, hemorrhage, pulmonary embolism, cardiac tapenade. Hemodynamic parameters
Diagnostic Criteria for Sepsis, Severe Sepsis, and Septic Shock. Angus DC, van der Poll T. N Engl J Med 2013;369:840-851
Inability to contain and treat the cause for shock or define the mechanism of shock leading to irreversible damage on a cellular level and cell death after prolonged hypotension with decreased perfusion.
Impaired oxidative metabolism and oxygen debt (Crowel et al 1964) with increased venous C02 due to decreased CO2 clearance and increased formation of anaerobically derived acids DO2 decreased and one maximum O2 extraction is reached anaerobic metabolism and hyperlactenemia ATP generation impaired by lack of oxygen, increased NO and peroxynitrate and superoxide Inflammatory mediators ( TNF, Endotoxins, free radicals ) inhibit mitochondrial function
The Host Response in Severe Sepsis. Angus DC, van der Poll T. N Engl J Med 2013;369:840-851
Organ Failure in Severe Sepsis and Dysfunction of the Vascular Endothelium and Mitochondria. Angus DC, van der Poll T. N Engl J Med 2013;369:840-851
Impaired oxygen metabolism Organ failure Ischamic injury with loss of membrane integrity Inflammatory mediators released Endothelial cell dysfunction Reperfusion injury : during ischemia : ATP metabolized to hypoxanthine xanthine dehydrogenase -> Xanthine oxidase ->reperfusion -> superoxide formed -> cellular injury and membrane damage Induction of apoptosis
Clinical Summary of 15 Patients with Refractory Hypotension.
The term "irreversible shock" in the dog signifies a form of death that is inevitable after certain early manifestations, including hemorrhage from the gut, the acceptance of large amounts of blood without maintained blood-pressure restoration, portal hypertension and hepatic-outflow obstruction. There was no evidence for this sequence in any of these patients, including those who died.
Percentage Change (Mean ±SEM) from Base Line in the Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF, Panel A) and Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Volume Index (EDVI, Panel B) over a Six-Hour Period.
Can Resuscitation Jeopardize Survival? George Lister, M.D., and J. Julio Pérez Fontán, M.D. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:1708-1709April 22, 2004DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp048055