The Dark Side of the Moon: Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Felix K. Yam, Pharm.D., M.A.S., BCPS-AQ Cardiology Associate Clinical Professor UC San Diego Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Disclosure I have no relevant conflicts of interest to disclose.
Objectives 1. Know the prevalence and risk factors for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. 2. Differentiate the pathophysiology and pharmacologic treatment options between heart failure patients who have reduced ejection fraction and those who have preserved ejection fraction. 3. Apply pharmacotherapy principles and knowledge of published evidence to optimize medication use and improve outcomes in patients who have heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
Heart Failure: Burden of Disease Life-time risk of developing HF for Americans age 40 1 One-half of patients diagnosed with HF dead within 5 years 2 Djousse L et al. JAMA. 2009;302:394-400. Roger VL et al. JAMA. 2004;292:344-50.
Heart Failure: Comparative Mortality Disease State 1-year mortality (men) 1-year mortality (women) 5-year mortality (men) 5-year mortality (women) Heart Failure* 1950-1969 30% 28% 70% 57% 1970-1979 41% 28% 75% 59% 1980-1989 33% 27% 65% 51% 1990-1999 28% 24% 59% 45% All Cancer 38% 37.3% Breast Cancer Prostate Cancer Colon Cancer 14.1% 2.4% 38.6% Levy et al. N Eng J Med 2002;347:1397-1402. Brenner H. Lancet 2002;360:1131-35.
Heart Failure: Morbidity and Cost Lost productivity/mort ality, 11% Estimated 2010 total heart failure costs: $39.2 billion Physician/Provide r, 6% Drugs/Other, 18% Hospitalization, 53% Nursing Home, 12% HF is the primary diagnosis in > 1 million hospitalizations annually In 2030, projected U.S. Heart Failure Costs: $70 billion AHA Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2010 Update. Circulation 2010;121;e46-215. Cost to treat heart failure expected to more than double by 2030. http://newsroom.heart.org/news/costs-to-treat-heart-failure-expected-to-more-than-double-by-2030. Accessed March 21, 2016.
Cumulative mortality All-cause mortality after each subsequent hospitalization for heart failure 1.0 0.8 0.6 HF 1 st admission (n = 14,374) 2 nd admission (n = 3,358) 3 rd admission (n = 1,123) 4 th admission (n = 417) P<0.0001 0.4 0.2 1 st hospitalization: 30-day mortality = 12%; 1-year mortality = 34% 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Time since admission Setoguchi S, et al. Am Heart J. 2007;154:260-266. Slides adapted from AHA Target:HF Presentation 2010.
Established benefits of guideline-recommended heart failure therapies Guideline Recommended Therapy Relative Risk Reduction in Mortality Relative Risk Reduction in Hospitalization ACEI/ARB 17% 31% Beta-blocker 34% 41% Aldosterone Antagonist 30% 35% Hydralazine/Nitrate 43% 33% Fonarow GC, et al. Am Heart J 2011;161:1024-1030. Slides adapted from AHA Target:HF Presentation 2010
Trends in the Proportion of Cardiovascular Deaths in Clinical Trials Mortality Benefits Only Found in Heart Failure Patients with Reduced Ejection Fraction Rush CJ et al. Falling CV Mortality in CHF Trials. J Am Coll Cardiol HF 2015;3:603-14.
% of patients Mortality and Hospitalization in OPTIMIZE-HF Registry: HFrEF vs. HFpEF 35 30 29.9 p = 0.366 29 30.9 25 20 p = 0.887 15 10 p = 0.647 9.8 9.5 9.3 5 3.9 3 2.9 0 In-hospital mortality Post-discharge mortality Rehospitalization HFrEF HFmrEF HFpEF Fonarow et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(8):768-77.
Owan T.E. et al. N Engl J Med 2006;355:251-9. Increasing Hospital Admissions for HFpEF
Comparative Survival: HFrEF vs. HFpEF Survival has improved in HFrEF but NOT HFpEF Owan T.E. et al. N Engl J Med 2006;355:251-9.
Different Phenotypes of Heart Failure HFrEF HFpEF EF 40 EF 50 http://www.biomerieux-diagnostics.com/heart-failure. Website accessed 7/29/16.
Epidemiology: Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Dhingra A et al. Curr Heart Fail Rep (2014);11:354-365. Owan T.E. et al. N Engl J Med (2006);355:251-9.
How do patients with heart failure die? REDUCED EJECTION FRACTION PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION Coronary heart deaths, 43% Non-CV deaths, 36% Other CV deaths, 21% Coronary heart deaths, 29% Other CV deaths, 22% Non-CV deaths, 49% Henkel D.M. et. al. Circ Heart Fail. 2008;1:91-97.
Modes of Cardiovascular Death in I-PRESERVE Trial Mode of CV Death MI 8% Other 10% Stroke 14% Sudden Death 44% Pump Failure 24% Chan MM et al. Eur J Heart Failure. 2013;15:604-613.
% of patients Risk Factors and Comorbidities Associated with HFpEF 70 60 50 40 30 55.7 34.6 35.5 41.4 48 62.7 63.7 52.9 28.5 41.3 20 10 0 Female Obesity Hypertension CAD Afib Severe valve disease HFrEF HFpEF 6.5 2.6 Owan T.E. et al. N Engl J Med 2006;355:251-9.
Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Pathophysiology Hypertension Obesity Chronic Kidney Disease Diabetes Systemic Inflammation (release of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor α) Atrial Fibrillation Coronary Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction and Reduced Vasodilator Response Diastolic dysfunction Arterial stiffness Chronotropic incompetence Abnormal LV systolic function Pulmonary HTN Borlaug, B.A. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 11. 507-515(2014).
Distinct Pathophysiology: HFrEF vs. HFpEF Curr Probl Cardiol 2016;41:145-188.
End diastolic pressure volume relationship Exercise intolerance and peripheral edema are hallmark clinical symptoms http://www.cvphysiology.com/cardiac%20function/cf014.htm. Accessed August 4 th 2016. Borlaug, B.A. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 11. 507-515(2014).
Clinical Presentation of HFpEF vs. HFrEF Sign/Symptom HFpEF HFrEF Dyspnea on exertion 60% 73% Nocturnal dyspnea 55% 50% Lower extremity edema 35% 46% Rales 72% 70% Circulation. 2002;105:1387-93.; J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:768-77.; Ann Med 2013;45:37-50.
2013 ACC/AHA/HFSA HFpEF Recommendations
Treatment Patterns HFpEF vs. HFrEF Fonarow G.C. et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:768-77.
Pharmacologic Treatment Strategies in HFpEF Treatment of volume overload and congestion Treatment of hypertension Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone blockade Aldosterone receptor antagonists Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitor β blockade Digoxin
Treatment of volume overload and congestion Class I recommendation (LOE C) for symptomatic management No mortality benefit Sudden decreases in LV volumes may result in decrease in cardiac output Diuretic resistance is common
Managing Diuretic Resistance Cardiac Output CVP Plasma albumin Switch loop diuretic (furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide) Reduced absorption of loop diuretic Unable to bind to albumin Combination diuretic therapy RBF and GFR - Reduced filtration - Organic acids compete with active transport Distal Na reabsorption Braking phenomenon RAAS and SNS (add metolazone, acetazolamide or mineralocorticoid antagonist) Intravenous administration (ED admission or infusion clinic)
Loop diuretic selection Furosemide (Lasix ) 1,3 Torsemide (Demadex ) 2 Bumetanide (Bumex ) 1,2 Ethacrynic Acid (Edecrin ) 2 IV loading doses 40 mg 20 mg 1 mg 50 mg Max total daily dose 600 mg 200 mg 10 mg 200 mg Bioavailability 10 100% 80 100% 80 90% 100% Duration of action 6 8 hours 12 16 hours 4 6 hours 6 hours Comments diuresis w/in 10 20 minutes; peak diuresis in 1.5 hours diuresis w/in 10 minutes of IV dose; peak diuresis at 60 minutes peak diuresis w/in 75 minutes usually reserved for pts with documented sulfa allergy 1. bioavailability adversely affected by food 2. IV : PO conversion is 1:1 3. IV : PO conversion is 1:2
PA Pressures and Pathophysiology of Congestion Adamson PB, et al. Curr Heart Fail Reports 2009 Stevensen LW et al. Circ Heart Fail. 2010 Sep;3(5):580-7.
CardioMEMS HF System
Hemodynamic Management of Patients with HFpEF 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Medication Changes Cardiomems Control Adamson, PB. et al. Circ Heart Fail. 2014;7:935-944.
Treatment of hypertension Ventricular-arterial stiffening in HFpEF leads to dramatic elevations in blood pressure Treating hypertension can lower risk of developing HF by > 50% Beckett NS et al. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1887-98.
CHARM Preserved Trial. Lancet 2003;362:777-781. PEP-CHF. Eur Heart J 2006;27:2338-45. I-PRESERVE Trial. N. Engl J Med 2008;359:2456-67. Renin-angiotensin aldosterone system inhibitors 2003: CHARM Study: Candasartan 2006: PEP-CHF Study: Perindopril 2008: I-PRESERVE: Irbesartan Time to death or CV hospital admission HR 0.95; 95% CI 0.86-1.05; p=0.35
ALLHAT Study: Chlorthalidone Risk of developing HFpEF compared to chlorthalidone vs. lisinopril 0.74 (95% CI, 0.56 to 0.97) vs. amlodipine 0.69 (95% CI, 0.53 to 0.91) vs. doxazosin 0.53 (95% CI, 0.38 to 0.73) 0 chlorthalidone better 1 chlorthalidone worse Davis BR et al. Circulation. 2008;118:2259-2267.
SBP, mean, mm Hg Blood pressure effects and achievement of BP goals in ALLHAT 148 146 144 142 140 138 136 134 132 130 128 126 Systolic Blood Pressure Over Time vs. amlodipine, p < 0.03 vs. lisinopril, p < 0.001 Chlortalidone Amlodipine Lisinopril 70 68 66 64 62 60 58 56 54 52 vs. amlodipine, p < 0.09 vs. lisinopril, p < 0.001 Chlorthalidone Amlodipine Lisinopril 50 % Achieved BP Goal ALLHAT. JAMA. 2002;288:2981-2997.
ALLHAT. JAMA. 2002;288:2981-2997. CHARM Preserved Trial. Lancet 2003;362:777-781. PEP-CHF. Eur Heart J 2006;27:2338-45. I-PRESERVE Trial. N. Engl J Med 2008;359:2456-67. Blood pressure reduction: magnitude of benefit Trial Δ in systolic blood pressure, mm Hg Δ in diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg compared to placebo ALLHAT 11.4 8.9 -- HYVET 15 6.1 p < 0.001 CHARM 6.9 2.9 p < 0.0001 PEP-CHF 3 -- p < 0.03 I-PRESERVE 3.8 2.1 p < 0.05
Intensive Blood Pressure Control and Outcomes: SPRINT Study Intensive Treatment* Δ SBP Δ DBP 1 st Occurrence of CV Event 0.75 (95% CI, 0.64 to 0.89) Heart Failure 0.62 (95% CI, 0.45 to 0.84) -7.6 Myocardial Infarction 0.83 (95% CI, 0.64 to 1.09) Stroke 0.89 (95% CI, 0.63 to 1.25) -14.8 0 Intensive Treatment 1 Standard Treatment *intensive treatment arm = goal SBP < 120 mm Hg; standard treatment arm = goal SBP < 140 The SPRINT Research Group. N Engl J Med 2015;373:2103-16.
Summary: Inhibition of RAAS and Intensity of Blood Pressure Reduction No evidence of mortality benefit when using RAAS inhibitors Use of RAAS inhibitors should be guided by comorbidities ARB s may reduce hospitalizations in patients with HFpEF (Class IIa, LOE C) Blood pressure reduction strongly correlated with HFpEF prevention evidence with chlorthalidone More stringent BP goals may be warranted in patients with HFpEF
Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists ALDO-DHF Trial Edelmann F. JAMA. 2013;309(8):781-791.
Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists: TOPCAT study No difference in death from CV causes Lower incidence of HF hospitalization TOPCAT Investigators. N Engl J Med 2014;370:1383-92.
Regional differences in TOPCAT: Post-hoc analysis North and South Americas (n=1767) Russia/Georgia (n=1678) Total events: 522 MRA vs. placebo event rate: 10.5% vs. 12.6%, p = 0.026 Total events: 149 MRA vs. placebo event rate: 2.5% vs. 2.3%, p = 0.58 Patients enrolled in Russia/Georgia were younger, had less atrial fibrillation and diabetes Pfeffer MA.et al. Circulation. 2014;131:00-00.
Place in therapy: Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists No overall mortality benefit, but consider regional variation May reduce HF hospitalizations May improve hemodynamic parameters and structural heart abnormalities Useful to maintain potassium homeostasis in patients on diuretic therapy May be useful in resistant hypertension
Beta-blocker therapy in HFpEF OPTIMIZE-HF Registry: Propensity Matched Cohort Study of 1,099 Pairs of HFpEF Patients 1 One small prospective study demonstrates improvement in overall mortality with propranolol compared to placebo (56% vs. 75%, p < 0.007). No difference in cardiac mortality and all patients had a history of MI. 2 1. Patel K et al. Int J Cardiol. 2014;173(3):393-401. 2. Aronow WS et al. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80(2):207-209.
Place in therapy: Beta-blockers in HFpEF No evidence for reduction in CV related mortality in HFpEF Effect blunted by chronotropic incompetence? Rate control issues Dependent upon baseline HR s Improve symptoms in patients with baseline tachycardia Worsen symptoms in patients with bradycardia due to chronotropic incompetence Use of β-blockers should be guided by comorbidities History of MI/CAD Atrial fibrillation
Place in therapy: Calcium channel blockers Not recommended in HFrEF (Class III (LOE A) Theoretical benefit in HFpEF Rate control Improving diastolic filling time Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Trial MDPIT Study. Circulation 1991;83:52-60.
Exercise intolerance and nitrates In HFpEF, increase in LV volumes result in dramatic increases in LV pressures NEAT-HFPEF: Activity levels fall on nitrates in HFpEF Nitrates are commonly used to improve symptoms of exercise intolerance and orthopnea N Engl J Med 2015; 373:2314-24.
Place in therapy: Digoxin in HFpEF No mortality or hospitalization benefit May be used as an adjunctive agent for improved rate control Increasing data suggesting higher mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation Circulation. 2006;114:397-403.
Place in therapy: Neprilysin inhibitors in HFpEF PARAMOUNT Trial: LCZ696 lowers NT-proBNP Phase III PARAGON Trial: Expected to complete in 2019 Lancet 2012;380:1387-95.
Place in therapy: Ivabradine in HFpEF Ivabradine improves peak VO 2 Larger studies evaluating clinical outcomes are needed J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:1330-8.
Ongoing clinical trials in patients with HFpEF Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors Sildenafil Udenafil Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator Riociguat Vericiguat Ranolazine Nifedipine
Summary: Treatment of HFpEF Symptoms of HFpEF (normal EF) Volume Overload HR Control Hypertension Atrial Fibrillation Diuretics ß-blockers verapamil diltiazem Antihypertensives Maintain sinus rhythm, amiodarone
Post-Test Questions 1. Which of the following drugs has a class I indication for the treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction? a. bumetanide b. candasartan c. Isosorbide mononitrate d. carvedilol 2. Which of the following drugs is associated with a decreased risk of developing heart failure with preserved ejection fraction? a. aspirin b. chlorthalidone c. amlodipine d. metoprolol 3. Non-dihydropyridines calcium channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem) should be avoided in HFpEF? a. True b. False
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