C H A P T E R 1 The Human Body: An Orientation An Overview of Anatomy Anatomy The study of the structure of the human body Physiology The study of body function Anatomy - Study of internal and external body structures Gross Anatomy Surface Anatomy Systemic Anatomy Regional Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy Comparative Anatomy 1
The Hierarchy of Structural Organization Atoms Molecule Organelle Smooth muscle cell 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Smooth muscle tissue Cardiovascular system Heart Blood vessels Blood vessel (organ) 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 6 Organismal level 5 Organ system level The human organism Organ systems consist of is made up of many different organs that work organ systems. together closely. Figure 1.1 2
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Body Regions and Directional Terms Axial Region: head, cervical (neck), and trunk (thoracic and abdominal ) Appendicular : upper and lower limbs. Gross Anatomy An Introduction Figure 1.3a 4
Gross Anatomy An Introduction Figure 1.3b Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (1 of 3) Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (2 of 3) 5
Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (3 of 3) Body Planes and Sections Figure 1.4 Body Cavities and Membranes Cranial (contains brain Dorsal body Thoracic (contains heart and lungs) Vertebral (contains spinal cord) Diaphragm Abdominal (contains digestive viscera) Dorsal body Ventral body (a) Lateral view Pelvic (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Figure 1.6a 6
Body Cavities and Membranes Cranial Dorsal body Ventral body Vertebral Superior Thoracic mediastinum Pleural (contains heart and Pericardial lungs) within the mediastinum Diaphragm Abdominal (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) (b) Anterior view Abdominopelvic Ventral body (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) Figure 1.6b Serous Membranes Produce a lubricating fluid Allows organs to slide over one another without friction. Contains infection of one organ from spreading to another organ. Covering lungs- pleura Covering the abdominal - peritoneum Covering the heart-pericardium Body Cavities and Membranes Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa) Air (comparable to serous ) Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa) (d) Model of the serous membranes and serous Figure 1.7d 7
Body Cavities and Membranes Lung Ribs Parietal pleura Pleural with serous fluid Visceral pleura Diaphragm (a) Serosae associated with the lungs: pleura Figure 1.7a Body Cavities and Membranes Heart Parietal pericardium Pericardial with serous fluid Visceral pericardium (b) Serosae associated with the heart: pericardium Figure 1.7b Body Cavities and Membranes Anterior Visceral peritoneum Liver Parietal peritoneum Peritoneal (with serous fluid) Stomach Kidney (retroperitoneal) Posterior Wall of body trunk (c) Serosae associated with the abdominal viscera: peritoneum Figure 1.7c 8
Body Sections: 1. A sagittal section divides the body into right and left portions. 2. A transverse section divides the body into superior and inferior portions. It is often called a cross section. 3. A coronal section divides the body into anterior and posterior sections. Abdominal Regions Right Left Epigastric hypochondriac hypochondriac Right Left Umbilical lumbar lumbar Right iliac Hypogastric Left iliac (inguinal) (pubic) (inguinal) Liver Diaphragm Spleen Gallbladder Stomach Ascending colon of Transverse colon large intestine of large intestine Small intestine Descending colon of large intestine Cecum Initial part of Appendix sigmoid colon Urinary bladder (b) Anterior view of the nine s showing the superficial organs (a) Nine s delineated by four planes Figure 1.8a, b Abdominal Quadrants Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) (c) The four abdominopelvic quadrants Figure 1.8c 9