Aerobic Respiration The four stages in the breakdown of glucose 1
I. Aerobic Respiration Why can t we break down Glucose in one step? (Flaming Gummy Bear) Enzymes gently lower the potential energy until we harness it all 2
I. Aerobic Respiration The Flaming Gummy Bear C12H22O11 + 3O2 9C + 3CO2 + H2O Released energy = 5635 kj 3
A. Glycolysis Glucose is broken down into pyruvate molecules Net production is 2 ATP molecules Some hydrogen atoms are transferred to carrier molecules 4
A. Glycolysis D-glucose + 2 NAD + +2ADP + 2 Pi 2 Pyruvate + 2NADH + 2 H + + 2ATP +2H2O Makes pyruvate for use in the citric acid cycle Happens in the cytosol Complete chart on p. 144 5
1. Phosphorilization Glucose-6-phosphate Hexokinase Glucose ATP ADP 6
1. Phosphorilization Glucose turns into glucose-6-phosphate with the help of hexokinase Where did the phosphate come from? 7
2. Isomerization Phosphoglucoisomerase Fructose-6-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate 8
2. Isomerization The glucose-6-phosphate isomerizes into fructose with the phosphate still attached What is an isomer? 9
3. Second Donation Phosphofructokinase Fructose-6-bisphosphate Fructose-6-phosphate ATP ADP 10
3. Second Donation Another phosphate is attached to the glucose from where? What enzyme is being used to do this? 11
4. The Cleave Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Aldolase Fructose-6-bisphosphate Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (G3P) 12
4. The Cleave The glucose molecule is now cut in half Aldolase is used to make the cleave Makes two different 3-carbon sugars 13
5. Another Isomerization Isomerase G3P Dihydroxyacetone phosphate 14
5. Another Isomerization Dihydroxyacetone changes into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate What is the glucose right now? How many instances of the rest of the pathway are going on per glucose? 15
6. Dehydrogenation G3P Glyceraldehyde-3-bisphosphate G3P Dehydrogenase NAD + +Pi NADH + H + 16
6. Dehydrogenation In this step what is replaced with a second phosphate? why is the phosphate bond a tilde instead of a line? 17
7. Substrate Level Phosphorylization 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglycerokinase ADP Glyceraldehyde-3-bisphosphate ATP 18
7. Substrate Level Phosphorylization This is the first step where ATP is produced When an intermediate gives up a phosphate to make ATP its called Substrate Level Phosphrylization 19
8. Mutation Phosphoglyceromutase 2-Phosphoglycerate 3-Phosphoglycerate 20
8. Mutation Phosphoglyceromutase is in what class of enzymes? This phosphate group moving sets up for more ATP being made 21
9. Hydrolysis Enolase Phosphophenolpyruvate 2-Phosphoglycerate H2O 22
9. Hydrolysis Hydrolysis is the second to last step the phosphate bond is turned into a high energy bond 23
10. Pyruvate is Made Pyruvate kinase Phosphophenolpyruvate Pyruvate ADP ATP 24
10. Pyruvate is Made The phosphate is being picked up by the ADP to make ATP The oxidized form of pyruvate is made 25
B. Formation of Acetyl Coenzyme-A Pyruvate is formed to attach to Coenzyme-A The Attachment forms CO2 and Acetyl Coenzyme-A Coenzyme-A 26
B. Formation of Acetyl Coenzyme-A Coenzyme-A (CoA) can be used over and over again It needs to be bound to a 2 carbon chain (acetyl) to be used in the citric acid cycle This happens in the matrix of the mitochondrion 27
B. Formation of Acetyl Coenzyme-A Pyruvate Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex CoA + NAD + CO2 + NADH + H + Acetyl CoA 28
C. The Citric Acid Cycle 2 Acetyl CoA 4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP Uses the Acetyl CoA to start one cycle Happens in the matrix of the mitochondrion The intermediates are also important precursors to different amino acids 29
C. The Citric Acid Cycle Intermediates are dropping in energy levels until they get back to the beginning oxaloacetate Acetyl CoA raises the energy level again 30
C. The Citric Acid Cycle 31
1. Acetyl CoA is used Citrate Citrate Synthase Oxaloacetate Acetyl CoA CoA 32
1. Acetyl CoA is used Where is the acetyl group now? Where does the CoA go to now? 33
2. Rearrangement Citrate Aconitase H2O H2O Isocitrate 34
2. Rearrangement This step has two preparations A water molecule is added and then removed in order to isomerize the molecule 35
3. CO 2 is expelled α-ketoglutarate CO2 Isocitrate NAD + NADH Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 36
3. CO 2 is expelled Another two step prep Dehydrogenation and Decarboxylation How many carbons is it now? 37
4. CoA is Back α-ketoglutarate CoA Succinyl CoA CO2 NAD + NADH α-ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase 38
4. CoA is Back CoA is reintroduced Another decarboxylation takes place Enzyme complex just like pyruvate dehydrogenase 39
5. ATP is made Succinyl CoA Succinate CoA GDP GTP ADP ATP Succinyl CoA synthase 40
5. ATP is made The Sulfate bond in succinyl CoA is a high energy bond Where does the energy from the bond go? Where does the phosphate come from? 41
6. FAD gets some e - s Succinate Fumerate FAD FADH2 Succinate dehydrogenase 42
6. FAD gets some e - s How many FADs are used during aerobic respiration Reduced fumerate is called what? Fumerase is in which enzyme class? 43
7. Breaking the Double Bond Fumerate Malate H2O Fumerase 44
7. Breaking the Double Bond Where did the water go? Reduced malate is what? 45
8. Back to the Beginning Malate NAD + NADH Oxaloacetate Malate Dehydrogenase 46
8. Back to the Beginning Malate is turned into oxaloacetate The cycle has to have energy put in to start again What is the energy source? 47