Innate Immunity 1
Innate Immunity Natural or native immunity 2
When microbes enter in the body 3
Secondly, it also stimulates the adaptive immune system 4
Immunologic memory 5
Components of Innate Immunity 1. Anatomical barriers 2. Mechanical components 3. Normal flora 4. Antigen-nonspecific antimicrobial molecules 5. Innate immun system cells 6. Some molecules 6
1 Anatomical barriers are physical barriers Skin Dry Acidic Lower temperature Hair follicles and Sweat gland Lyozyme Toxic lipids Epithelial cells Defensin Cathelicidin 7
The respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, and the genitourinary tract 8
Mucous membrane secretes mucus Lysozyme Lactoferrin Lactoperoxidase 9
A cilium is an organelle 10
These processes remove pathogens cough sneezing diarrhea 11
Fluids such as urine sweat tear saliva 12
2 Normal flora Approximately 100 trillion bacteria and other microorganisms Produce metabolic products Cover the surface Use nutrients Stimulate immune system 13
3 Antigen-nonspecific antimicrobial molecules There are many antigen-nonspecific antimicrobial chemicals Hydrochloric acid and enzymes 14
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Defensins form pores 16
Cathelicidins are proteins produced by 17
Lactic and fatty acids, found in 18
Lactoferrin and transferrin trap iron 19
5 Innate immun system cells 5a.-Phagocytes 5b.-Cells that release inflamatory mediators 5c.-Lymphoctes 20
5a There are two types of phagocytes mononuclear phagocytes 21
The other family of phagocytes polymorphonuclear granulocytes 22
Monocyte normally make up 2-8% of white blood cells (WBC) 23
Resident macrophages are found 24
Monocyte has a horseshoe-shaped nucleus and granules the primary (azurophilic) granules lysosomes Peroxidase Acide hydrolase Phagocyte Present antigens Secrete cytokines Long-lived Multiply 25
Macrophages have special receptors Special receptors Microbes Cytokines IFN-γ Opsonin molecules 26
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There are tree types of polymorphonuclear granulocytes irregular and lobed nucleus Neutrophil granules Eosinophil Basophil 28
Neutrophils are the first type of leukocytes to respond to microbial infections 54-75 % of WBCs 29
Neutrophils are important phagocytes. phagocytes the primary (azurophilic) granules lysosomes Acid hydrolases, Myeloperoxidase, Muramidase (Lysozyme) Defensins Cathepsin G Cationic protein Bacterial permeabily increasing protein the secondary granules Lactoferrin Lysozyme Collagenase Elastase 30
The granules are also often released extracellularly 31
They release the enzyme kallikrein and other enzymes 32
Neutrophils express adhesion molecules and reseptors 33
Neutrophils The life span is few hours They do not multiply 34
5b Eosinophils normally make up 1-4% of the WBCs Bilobed nucleus Many cytoplasmic granules Acid phosphates Peroxidases Major basic protein Potent toxin Induces histamin release Activates neutrophils and platelets Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) Eosinophil derived neurotoxin 35
They are capable of phagocytosis Fungi, protozoa and helmints Leukotrienes, prostoglandins 8-12 days 36
5b Basophils are found in very small numbers in the circulation 0,2 % Mast cells Their functions are the same Many granules Histamine Leukotrienes Prostoglandins Heparin PAF Secrete IL-4 IL-13 Basophils have much less life span 37
The stimulus for the degranulation of mast cell or basophil is often an allergen. 38
5c Lymphocytes Natural Killer Cell (NK) Natural Killer T Cell (NKT) Intraepithelial lymphocytes B1 lymphocytes 39
NK cells are able to recognize and kill infected cells, cancer cells, and stressed cells Absent T cell reseptors B cell receptors Function Killing Virus-infected cells Tumor cells Stressed cells Secretion IFN-γ 40
NK cells use a dual receptor system 41
Stress-induced glycoproteins are secreted by 42
Viruses, stress, and malignant transformation 43
The NK cell then releases pore-forming proteins perforin granzyme 44
Cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) 45
NK cells also play a role in adaptive immune responses antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) 46
NKT cells are a subset of lymphocytes IL-4, IL-10 47
γδ T cells may protect the mucosal surface of the body Epidermis Mucosal epithelia Intraepithelial lymphocytes PAMP-TCR 48
B-1 cells are found mostly in the peritoneal and pleural cavities T-independent antigens Natural antibodies 49
6 The molecules involved in natural immun system Complement system Acute phase proteins Cytokines 50
The complement system is a series of proteins C3 convertase 51
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Many plasma proteins increase rapidly after infection 53
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Recognation of Microbes by Innate Immune System 55
Innate immunity recognize molecules are not found in mammalian cells. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) LPS Porin protein Lipoprotein Lipid 56
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) Peptidoglycan Teichoic acid Lipoteichoic acid 57
Lipoarabinomannan 58
Mannose-rich glycans 59
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Damage associated Molecular Pattern Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) Stressed Injured Infected Transformed 62
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) Heat-shock protein, altered membrane phospholipids 63
In order to recognize PAMPs Pattern-Recognation Receptors 64
Many pattern-recognition receptors are located 65
Endocytic Pattern-Recognition Receptors Signaling Pattern-Recognition Receptors 66
Endocytic pattern-recognition receptors LPS Peptİdoglycan teichoic acid CRP C3b, C4b Surfactant protein A and D 67
Signaling Pattern-Recognition Receptors Binding of microbial PAMPs to signalling type of PRRs toll-like receptors (TLRs) 68
Different TLRs directly or indirectly bind different microbial molecules 69
Another cell surface PRR is CD14 70
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T-independent antigens-1 are pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) 72
TLRs also play role in adaptive immunity 73
Signaling PRRs found in the membranes of the endosomes 74
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NOD proteins, RIG-1 and MDA-5 are cytoplasmic sensors 76
In response to certain pathogen associated molecular patterns neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) 77
The Response of Innate Immune System 78
When effectors cells of innate immun system recognize microbial antigens 79
Diapedesis In order to perform effector functions 80
The resident macrophages recognize the microbe and produce cytokines 3 4 6 7 1 2 5 8 81
Diapedesis selectin-mediated rolling integrin-mediated firm adhesion chemokine-mediated motility 82
The recognition of microbes by neutrophils or macrophages 83
Several enzymes in the phagolysosomes are activated. 84
The escaping from phagocytosis 85
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Leave cell before the fusing of lysosome to phagosome 87
The inhibition of the fusing of lysosome to phagosome. 88
The removing of MAC complex 89
The escaping from phagocytosis The leaving phagocytic cell before the fusing of lysosome to phagosome The inhibition of the fusing of lysosome to phagosome The resistance to and destroying of microbicidal enzyme in phagolysosome. The inhibition of comlement activation. The production of enzyme for killing of the phagocytes. The stimulation of apoptosis of macrophages. 90
Full activation of antigen specific lymphocytes requires two signals 91
Microbes, or IFN-γ produced by NK cells in response to microbes 92
Blood-borne microbes activate the complement system by the alternative pathway 93
The second signals also guide the nature of the adaptive immune response. 94
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