: Online published version of an accepted article before publication in the final form. Journal Name: International Journal of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases (IJHPD) Type of Article: Case Report Title: Ileal neuroendocrine tumor metastasis to pancreas and liver: Case report Authors: Michael Sean Bleszynski, David F. Schaeffer, Maja Segedi doi: To be assigned Early view version published: February 7, 2017 How to cite the article: Bleszynski MS, Schaeffer DF, Segedi M. Ileal neuroendocrine tumor metastasis to pancreas and liver: Case report. International Journal of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases (IJHPD). Forthcoming 2017. Disclaimer: This manuscript has been accepted for publication. This is a pdf file of the. The is an online published version of an accepted article before publication in the final form. The proof of this manuscript will be sent to the authors for corrections after which this manuscript will undergo content check, copyediting/proofreading and content formatting to conform to journal s requirements. Please note that during the above publication processes errors in content or presentation may be discovered which will be rectified during manuscript processing. These errors may affect the contents of this manuscript and final published version of this manuscript may be extensively different in content and layout than this. Page 1 of 11
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 TYPE OF ARTICLE: Case Report TITLE: Ileal Neuroendocrine Tumor Metastasis to Pancreas and Liver: Case Report AUTHORS: Michael Sean Bleszynski 1 MD, David F. Schaeffer 2 MD, Maja Segedi 1 MD AFFILIATIONS: 1 Department of General Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada 2 Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada CORRESPONDING AUTHOR DETAILS Michael Bleszynski, MD The University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Vancouver General Hospital Rm 3100 Jim Pattison Pavillion North, 950 West 10 th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9 Canada Email: mbleszyn@gmail.com Short Running Title: Metastatic ileal neuroendocrine tumor Guarantor of Submission: The corresponding author is the guarantor of submission. 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Page 2 of 11
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 TITLE: Ileal Neuroendocrine Tumor Metastasis to Pancreas and Liver: Case Report ABSTRACT Introduction Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) formally known as carcinoids tumors are neoplasms that arise from enterochromaffin cells. NETs most commonly occur in the gastrointestinal tract and predominately within the ileum. Symptomatic ileal NETs have most likely metastasized to the liver at the time of diagnosis. Pancreatic metastasis from ileal NETs are exceptionally rare. Case Report A 76 year-old female with a primary ileal carcinoid underwent right hemi-colectomy secondary to bowel obstruction. One-year post bowel resection, the patient presented with carcinoid syndrome, imaging revealed a singular hepatic metastasis (segment 2) and a pancreatic tail mass. After radiologic workup with an abdominal CT, PET and octreotide scan a presumed diagnosis of recurrent metastastic NET was made. Multi-disciplinary rounds discussed the case. Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy, splenectomy and radiofrequency ablation of the liver tumor were performed. Surgical pathology of the pancreatic mass was consistent with primary ileal carcinoid tumor. Conclusion Ileal NET metastasis to the pancreas is a rare phenomenon. Metastatic NET management should be discussed with a multi-disciplinary team. R0 resection of primary and metastatic NETs offers the only chance of cure. Loco-regional, systemic therapies, and surgical debulking can offer a survival benefit in un-resectable disease or in cases where resection incurs a high peri-operative risk. Keywords: ileum, neuroendocrine tumor, pancreas, metastasis 63 64 Page 3 of 11
65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 TITLE: Ileal Neuroendocrine Tumor Metastasis to Pancreas and Liver: Case Report INTRODUCTION The overall incidence of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) in the U.S. is approximately 1 to 2 cases per 100,000 people [1]. NETs were previously called carcinoids, however the nomenclature of carcinoid tumor still exists within the literature. NETs are neoplasms that develop from enterochromaffin cells, which can secrete active substances such as serotonin and bradykinin that may bypass portal circulation resulting in carcinoid syndrome [2]. Carcinoid syndrome occurs in approximately 10% of patients with jejunal-ileal NETs and is characterized by a combination of symptoms ranging from; flushing, chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, carcinoid heart disease and bronchial constriction [3]. Approximately 70% of NETs are located in the gastrointestinal tract with tumor location most commonly found in the small bowel (45%), rectum (20%), appendix (17%), colon (11%) and stomach (7%) [4]. Gastro-intestinal NETs most commonly occur at the ileum and 6-30% of ileal NETs will have symptoms of carcinoid syndrome [5]. Ileal NETs presenting with carcinoid syndrome are associated with hepatic metastasis in more than 95% of cases [5]. Hepatic metastases are most common while peritoneum, bone and ovaries are other rare documented sites of distant metastasis [6, 7]. We currently have not identified any case reports that have discussed a primary ileal carcinoid tumor metastasizing to the pancreas with concurrent hepatic metastasis. CASE REPORT Patient s informed consent was provided. A 76 year-old female presented in 2015 with worsening flushing and diarrhea one-year post right hemi-colectomy for a primary low-grade ileal neuroendocrine tumor. Initially she developed recurrent small bowel obstructions, which were treated non-operatively. Investigation with colonoscopy identified a lesion at the terminal ileum, which led to the decision for right hemi-colectomy. Surgical pathology post hemicolectomy showed a T2N1 low grade neuroendocrine tumor, 4/12 lymph nodes positive, Ki-67 < 5% and negative margins. No adjuvant chemotherapy was prescribed. Serum Chromogranin A level Page 4 of 11
97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 post hemi-colectomy was 94 (units) and one year later had risen to 176 (units), concurrent with progressive flushing and diarrhea. Follow up investigations included PET, CT and octreotide scans. PET scan identified a new liver lesion in segment 2/3 and a lesion in the body/tail of the pancreas, with the pancreatic lesion consistent with neuroendocrine tumor. Tri-phasic abdominal CT scan showed a mildly hyper-enhancing lesion at the pancreatic tail measuring 1.9 cm. No definite evidence of a locally recurrent mass at the previous surgical site was seen on imaging. Despite new lesions identified on CT and PET scan, a subsequent octreotide scan did not identify any convincing octreotide avid abnormality. Past medical history was significant for arthritis. Previous surgical history not yet mentioned includes laminectomy/disc surgery (2013), spinal stenosis surgery (2012) and remote laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Regular home medications consisted of Voltaren and a daily proton pump inhibitor. Known allergies were to sulfa drugs. Patient was married and had an active lifestyle playing golf regularly. The case was discussed at our institutional multi-disciplinary liver tumor rounds. It was concluded that the new pancreatic and liver lesions would be best managed surgically. Consent was obtained for laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with possible splenectomy and radiofrequency ablation of the liver lesion. It was felt that resecting the liver lesion at the same time as performing the pancreatic resection would incur too high of a peri-operative complication risk for this patient at this time. A Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy, splenectomy, and intra-operative radiofrequency ablation of the liver lesion (segment 2) were performed without complications. Patient recovered well from surgery and was discharged home on post-operative day six. Surgical Pathology report of the resected pancreatic mass and parenchyma revealed a metastatic (midgut) ileal neuroendocrine tumor with the following characteristics; a. Single focus within pancreatic tail, size = 2.5 cm b. Histological grade 2 c. Mitotic rate: up to 3 mitosis/10 hpf d. Ki67 labeling index: up to 4% (figure 2) e. Positive for lymphovascular invasion f. Surgical resection margins negative for malignancy Page 5 of 11
129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 g. 2/10 peri-pancreatic lymph nodes positive for metastatic neuroendocrine tumor Hematoxylin and eosin stain of resected pancreatic mass pictured in Figure 1. Staining: Positive for synaptophysin, chromogranin A (Figure 3), CDX2, serotonin and negative for PAX 8. DISCUSSION Based pathologic examination of the pancreatic specimen we are able to deduce that this was a recurrent ileal NET, which had metastasized to the pancreas. Positive CDX2 is commonly associated with colorectal adenocarcinoma, however positive CDX2 has also been associated with neoplasms with intestinal differentiation such as gastro-intestinal NETs [8]. PAX8 is expressed in pancreatic islet cells, thyroid tissue and reproductive systems. PAX-8 is able to distinguish between pancreatic NETs and ileal NETs [9]. If the pancreatic tumor were a primary NET, PAX8 staining would have been positive. Metastatic lesions (of any tumor type) to the pancreas are quite rare, composing approximately 2% of all pancreatic malignancies; a systemic review has shown that pancreatic metastectomy provides a survival benefit in select cases [10]. One retrospective review of tumors with metastasis to the pancreas identified one case of an ileal NET amongst other primary tumors [11]. Surgery is the only definitive treatment modality for curative intent of NETs, but is also used for palliative control of symptoms via cytoreductive procedures [6]. Although not curative, surgical ablation therapy is a utilized technique directed at metastatic hepatic NETs for symptom control [12]. There are several radiological options available (CT, MR, PET, Octreotide scan) for the diagnosis and evaluation of NETs for potential surgical resection. Each of these techniques has different strengths and there is a cost association that must be taken into consideration. Furthermore, with different surgical options at a surgeon s disposal, multi-disciplinary rounds are essential for providing optimal care. 158 159 160 Page 6 of 11
161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 CONCLUSION Small bowel NETs most commonly metastasize to the liver, and metastases to the pancreas is a rare phenomenon. We describe a case of a previously resected welldifferentiated ileal NET that metastasized one year later to the pancreas. After radiologic work up, the case was brought forth to a multi-disciplinary team and consensus decision was to undergo surgical management. Via laparoscopy, distal pancreatectomy, splenectomy and radiofrequency ablation of the involved liver lesion were successfully performed. Management of metastatic NETs should be discussed with a multi-disciplinary team. CONFLICT OF INTEREST No conflict of interest or disclosures AUTHOR S CONTRIBUTIONS Maja Segedi, MD Group 1 substantial contributions to concept and design, acquisition of data, and interpretation of data Group 2 revising the article critically for important intellectual content Group 3 Final approval of the version to be published David F. Schaeffer, MD Group 1 substantial contributions to analysis and interpretation of data Group 2- revising the article critically for important intellectual content Group 3 final approval of the version to be published Michael Sean Bleszynski, MD Group 1 substantial contributions to concept and design Group 2 drafting the article, revising it critically for important intellectual content Group 3 final approval of the version to be published 191 192 Page 7 of 11
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225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 Oncol. 2014 Apr; 40(4):379-86. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2013.12.022. Epub 2014 Jan 15. 11. Moussa A, Mitry E, Hammel P, Sauvanet A, Nassif T, Palazzo L et al. Pancreatic metastases: a multicentric study of 22 patients. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2004 Oct; 28(10 Pt 1):872-6. 12. Mayo SC, Herman JM, Cosgrove D, Bhagat N, Kamel I, Geschwind JF et al. emerging approaches in the management of patients with neuroendocrine liver metastasis: role of liver-directed and systemic therapies. J Am Coll Surg. 2013 Jan; 216(1): 123-34. Doi: 10.1016/j/jamcollsurg.2012.08.027. Epub 2012 Oct 11. FIGURE LEGENDS Figure 1: H&E stain x10 magnification of resected pancreatic mass Figure 2: Ki-67 stain x4 magnification of resected pancreatic mass Figure 3: Chromogranin stain x4 magnification of resected pancreatic mass 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 Page 9 of 11
257 FIGURES 258 259 260 261 Figure 1: H&E stain x10 magnification of resected pancreatic mass 262 263 264 265 Figure 2: Ki-67 stain x4 magnification of resected pancreatic mass 266 Page 10 of 11
267 268 269 Figure 3: Chromogranin stain x4 magnification of resected pancreatic mass Page 11 of 11