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The Self and Perception 43. See, for example, Ayres, J., A. Wilcox, K., & Ayres, D. M. (1995). Receiver apprehension: An explanatory model and accompanying research. Communication Education 44, 223 235; Aitken, J. E., & Neer, M. R. (1993). College student question asking: The relationship of classroom communication apprehension and motivation. Southern Communication Journal, 59, 73 81; and Richmond, V. P., & McCroskey, J. C. (1997). Communication: Apprehension, avoidance, and effectiveness, (5th ed.) Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 44. Azar, B. (1995). Shy people have inaccurate self-concepts. American Psychological Association Monitor, 24. 45. (Azar). 46. Keaten, J., & Kelly, L. (2008). Re: We really need to talk : Affect for communication channels, competence, and fear of negative evaluation. Communication Quarterly, 56(4), 407 426. doi:10.1080/01463370802451646 47. McCroskey, J., & Richmond, V. (1980). The quiet ones: communication apprehension and shyness. Dubuque, IA: CommComp, Gorsuch Scarisbrick, p. 21. For further investigation, see Teven, J., Richmond, V., McCroskey, J., & McCroskey, L. (2010). Updating relationships between communication traits and communication competence. Communication Research Reports, 27(3), 263 270. doi:10.108 0/08824096.2010.496331 48. Hendrick, B. (2003, July 27). Biology might be at root of some people s shyness. Cleveland Plain Dealer, L5. 49. (Schrof & Schultz, p. 50). 50. Daly et al. In addition, see www.jamescmccroskey.com/ 51. Chesebro, J. W., et al. (1992). Communication apprehension and self-perceived communication competence of at-risk students. Communication Education, 41, 345 360. 52. For a discussion of the effects of communication apprehension on math, English, reading, and intelligence scores, as well as on grades in general, see Bourhis, J., & Allen, M. (1992). Meta-analysis of the relationship between communication apprehension and cognitive performance. Communication Education, 41, 68 76. 53. Based on an unpublished investigation of speech reticence conducted by Doug Pederson, Pennsylvania State University, 1971. 54. (See Daly et al.). 55. (Richmond & McCroskey). 56. (Richmond & McCroskey). 57. (Richmond & McCroskey). 58. The classic study regarding this theory was proposed by Jerome Kagan in 1962 and has been reported on in such articles as: Kagan, J. (2001). Temperamental contributions to affective and behavioral profiles in childhood. In S. G. Hoffmann & P. M. Dibartolo (Eds.), From social anxiety to social phobia: Multiple perspectives (pp. 216 234). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon and Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. (1987). The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in children. Child Development, 58, 1459 1473. 59. (Azar, Shy people.). 60. Results have been documented by Dr. Roy Berko, crisis counselor, while working with communicative apprehensive clients in Overcoming Shyness and Communication Anxiety workshops. 61. Casriel, E. (2007, March/April). My friend Joe Raffeto, A desert guide. Psychology Today, 70. Based on the work of Bernardo Carducci, Director of Indiana University Southeast s Shyness Research Institute. 62. (Casriel, 2007). 63. (Richmond and McCroskey, pp. 97 101). 64. (Richmond and McCroskey, p. 36). 65. (Richmond and McCroskey, p. 49). 66. (Schrof & Schultz, p. 54). 67. (Schrof & Schultz, p. 54). See also Raghunathan, A. (1999, May 18). Drug firms work on treatment for extreme forms of shyness. Cleveland Plain Dealer, 8A. Paxil was the first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor to win approval by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of debilitating shyness. In addition, the drugs Zoloft and Prozac may be of some value. 68. Cooper, P., Calloway-Thomas, C., & Simonds, C. (2007). Intercultural communication: A text with readings. Boston: Pearson Education, p. 86. 69. Ting-Toomey, S. & Chung, L. (2005). Understanding intercultural communication. New York: Oxford University Press. 70. (Ting-Toomey & Chung, 2005). 71. (Ting-Toomey & Chung, 2005). 72. (Ting-Toomey & Chung, 2005, p. 70). 73. (Ting-Toomey & Chung, 2005, p. 70). 74. (Cooper, Calloway-Thomas, & Simonds, p. 98). 75. (Ting-Toomey and Chung, p. 169). 76. (Ting-Toomey & Chung, 2005, p. 170). 77. (Ting-Toomey & Chung, 2005, p. 170). 78. Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (1998). Foundations of intercultural communication. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, p. 131. 79. Dugas, D., Powers, W., & Sawyer, C. (2007). Extroversion versus similarity: An exploration of factors influencing communication accuracy of social cognitions. Human Communication, 10(3), 303 310. KEY TO PERSONAL REPORT OF COMMUNICATION APREHENSION (PRCA-24) Your total score should range between 24 and 120. If your total score is below 24 or above 120, you have made a mistake in computing. Scores on each of the four contexts (groups, meetings, interpersonal conversations, and public speaking) can range from a low of 6 to a high of 30. Any individual score above 18 indicates some degree of apprehension in that particular communication environment. 147
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Interpersonal and Electronically Mediated Communication the self compliance power relationships masculine-feminine communication harassment bullying mediated communication From Chapter 6 of Communicating: A Social, Career and Cultural Focus, Twelfth Edition. Roy M. Berko, Andrew D. Wolvin, Darlyn R. Wolvin, Joan E. Aitken. Copyright 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Interpersonal and Electronically Mediated Communication the self compliance power relationships masculine-feminine communication harassment bullying mediated communication Alexander Raths/Shutterstock After reading this chapter, you should be able to Illustrate how self-disclosure plays a role in both self-understanding and understanding of another person Explain the roles of trust, approval seeking, emotions, and power as they relate to interpersonal communication Compare and contrast the similarities and differences in the communication of males and females and their potential effects on interpersonal communication Analyze the role of sexual harassment in the workplace Describe the role of bullying as a verbal and nonverbal communication weapon Defi ne what relationships are and demonstrate how they develop, continue, and end Evaluate the causes of relational confl ict Explain the role of, positive and negative aspects of, and how to be a better online electronically mediated communicator 150
Interpersonal and Electronically Mediated Communication The 1 concept of interpersonal communication developed in the early 1950s. As a result of research on the subject, the field of speech expanded from study focused on public speaking into the broader field of communication, encompassing such areas as self-disclosure, approval seeking, relational communication, family communication, small-group communication, nonverbal communication, conversational communication, intercultural communication, organizational communication, and conflict resolution. 2 The term interpersonal communication can be defined as communication that is based on communicators recognition of each other s uniqueness and the development of messages that reflect that recognition. 3 It also can be described as an interactional process in which two people send and receive messages. Two primary themes underlie this process: communication necessitates give and take, and communication involves relationships and information. Because there can be no interpersonal communication unless the communicators give and take information, the basis for interpersonal transactions is the sending and receiving of messages in such a way that they are successfully encoded and decoded. The more experiences the communicators have in common and the more openness they have between them, the more likely it is that their communication will be successful. Our interpersonal relationships bring together the most important people, roles, contexts, and energies we experience. Interpersonal communication functions to combat loneliness, shape self-concepts, confirm experiences, renew personal and intrapersonal growth, and aid us in understanding who we are and how we relate to others. Having good interpersonal relationships at work increases a person s commitment to the job. 4 On the personal level, family and relational communication is dependent on your being a competent interpersonal communicator. Interpersonal communication is at the core of collegiate success. Your interpersonal abilities can affect your academic success, relational rapport, and social connectedness. Basic Concepts of Interpersonal Communication As you read about interpersonal communication, keep these basic concepts in mind: Communication takes place within a system. As we enter into communicative relationships with others, we set a pattern by which we will interact. For example, in a family, there are flow patterns of message sending and receiving: who speaks to whom, who controls the interactions, who has the power to praise and punish. If you examine any relationship you are in, you will recognize communication. A change in the system results in a change of the communication. If someone in the system changes roles (e.g., a teenager leaves for college) or outside factors change the communication patterns (e.g., a grandparent moves in), that changes the system. There may be resistance to changing the system because this may also shift the power structure. If your supervisor, spouse, lover, or friend likes being in control, and you are proposing a change, problems may arise. At the other extreme, there also may be situations in which the system requires adjustment so that a person is forced to assume responsibility after having been dependent on someone else. The communication system remains unchanged as long as the status quo is maintained. 151