CAYUGA COMMUNITY COLLEGE Division of Computer Science, Mechanical Technology, Electrical Technology, GIS, Math, Nursing, Science Anatomy and Physiology I - Biology 203 4 Credit Hours CATALOG DESCRIPTION Studies human anatomy and physiology encompassing cell, tissues, skeleton system, muscle physiology, and the nervous system including special and somatic senses. Three class hours/one two-hour lab weekly. Prerequisite: Biology 100 or 101 or 103 or equivalent. (Every Academic Year). STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES Upon completion of this course, the student should be able to: 1. Describe the basic structure of a cell and the functions of its components. 2. Describe types of cell specialization and patterns of cellular organization into tissues. 3. Describe the relationship of inorganic and organic molecules to cells of the human body. 4. Correlate the macroscopic and microscopic structure (anatomy) and function (physiology) of the human body systems. 5. Define standard anatomical terminology dealing with body orientation. 6. Define basic terminology associated with human anatomy and physiology. 7. Explain how life is maintained by integrating the body's structural design with its function. 8. Discuss the homeostatic control mechanisms that allow human to respond to changes in the internal and external environment. 9. Describe and correlate the structure (anatomy) and function (physiology) of the major organs comprising the integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, and nervous system. 10. Explain the basis of selected pathologies that result from loss of homeostatic mechanisms within the integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, and nervous system. 11. Predict the types of integrated regulatory responses of the integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, and nervous system in response to loss of homeostasis. 12. Correlate the interrelationships of the above body systems as they work together to maintain homeostasis. 13. Identify the bones, major bone processes, skull bones, and joint features. 14. Identify the major muscles of the human body. 15. Identify the major anatomical structures of the eye, ear, brain, spinal cord, skin, knee joint. 16. Competently use relevant laboratory equipment, techniques, and technology to answer and ask questions about anatomy and physiology. 17. Use critical thinking skills to integrate and apply knowledge to anatomical and physiological problems, questions, and clinical scenarios. CONTENT I. Body Organization A. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 1. Homeostasis 2. Structural Levels of the Body a. Atoms b. Molecules c. Tissues d. Organs e. Systems 3. Anatomical Terminology
B. Cells: The Basic Units of Life 1. Cell Membranes 2. Passive Movement Across Membranes a. Simple Diffusion b. Facilitated Diffusion c. Osmosis d. Filtration 3. Active Movement Across Membranes a. Active Transport b. Bulk Movement 4. Cytoplasm and Organelles 5. Nucleus 6. Cell Cycle 7. Protein Synthesis C. Epithelial and Connective Tissue 1. Epithelial Tissues: Form and Function a. Functions of Epithelial Tissues b. General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues c. General Classification of Epithelial Tissues e. Glands 2. Connective Tissues a. Fibers of Connective Tissues b. Ground Substances of Connective Tissues c. Cells of Connective Tissues d. Connective Tissues Proper e. Cartilage f. Bone and Connective Tissue g. Blood and Connective Tissue 3. Membranes a. Mucous b. Serous c. Synovial d. Cutaneous 4. Physiological and Anatomical Abnormalities D. The Integumentary System 1. Skin a. Epidermis b. Dermis c. Hypodermis d. Functions of the Skin e. Skin Pigmentation f. Tissue Repair 2. Glands of the Skin 3. Hair 4. Nails 5. Physiological and Anatomical Abnormalities a. Burns 6. Medical Terminology - 3 -
II. Support and Movement A. Bones and Osseous Tissue 1. Types of Bones and Their Mechanical Functions a. Long Bones b. Short Bones c. Flat Bones d. Sesamoid Bones e. Accessory Bones 2. Osseous Tissue a. Spongy Bone Tissue b. Compact Bone Tissue 3. Gross Anatomy of a Typical Bone 4. Bone Cells 5. Development of Bones a. Intramembranous Ossification b. Endochondral Ossification c. How Bones Grow in Diameter 6. Homeostasis and the Physiological Functions of Bones a. Calcium Storage and Release b. Phosphate Storage and Release c. Production of Blood Cells d. Effects of Hormones on Bones e. Effects of Nutrition on Bones 7. Physiological and Anatomical Abnormalities a. Arthritis b. Osteomalacia, Rickets and Scurvy B. The Skeletal System 1. General Features and Surface Markings of Bones 2. Divisions of the Skeleton a. The Axial Skeleton (1) The Skull (a) Sutures and Fontanels (b) Bones of the Cranium (c) Paranasal Sinuses (d) Bones of the Face (e) Hyoid Bone (f) Ossicles of the Ear (2) The Vertebral Column (a) Curvature of the Vertebral Column (b) A Typical Vertebra (c) Cervical Vertebrae (d) Thoracic Vertebrae (e) Sacrum and Coccyx (3) The Thorax (a) Sternum (b) Ribs b. The Appendicular Skeleton (1) The Upper Extremities (2) The Lower Extremities - 4 -
c. Physiological and Anatomical Abnormalities (1) Fractures (2) Herniated Discs (3) Hydrocephalus (4) Spina Bifida (5) Spinal Curvature (6) Medical Terminology C. Articulations 1. Fibrous Joints 2. Cartilaginous Joints 3. Movement at Synovial Joints 4. Types of Synovial Joints 5. Description of Some Major Joints 6. Nerve Supply and Nutrition of Synovial Joints D. Muscle Tissue 1. Skeletal Muscle a. Cell Structure and Organization b. Blood and Nerve Supply c. Nervous Control of Muscle Contraction d. Sliding-Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction e. ATP and Creatine Phosphate f. Types of Muscle Contraction g. Fast-Twitch and Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers 2. Smooth Muscle a. Properties of Smooth Muscle b. Structure of Smooth Muscle Tissue c. Biochemical Characteristics of Smooth Muscle Contraction 3. Cardiac Muscle a. Structure of Cardiac Muscle b. Functioning of Cardiac Muscle 4. Physiological and Anatomical Abnormalities E. The Muscular System 1. Attachment of Muscles 2. Architecture of Muscles 3. Individual and Group Actions of Muscles 4. Lever Systems and Muscle Actions 5. How Muscles Are Named 6. Specific Actions of Principle Muscles 7. Physiological and Anatomical Abnormalities III. Control Systems of the Human Body A. Nervous Tissue 1. Organization 2. Histology a. Neuroglia b. Neurons - 5 -
3. Physiology a. Nerve Impulse b. Conduction Across Synapses 4. Organization of Neurons 5. Clinical Applications B. The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 1. Basic Anatomy of the Spinal Cord a. Spinal Meninges b. Cerebrospinal Fluid c. Internal Structure 2. Functional Roles of Pathways of the CNS a. Processing Centers b. Sensory Pathways c. Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal Systems 3. Spinal Reflexes a. Stretch Reflex b. Gamma Motor Neuron Reflex Arc c. Withdrawal Reflex Arc d. Functional And Clinical Aspects of Reflex Arcs 4. Structure and Distribution of Spinal Nerves a. How Spinal Nerves Are Named b. Structure of Spinal Nerves c. Branches of Spinal Nerves d. Plexuses e. Physiological and Anatomical Abnormalities C. The Brain and Cranial Nerves 1. General Structure of the Brain a. Cranial Meninges b. Ventricles of the Brain c. Cerebrospinal Fluid of the Brain 2. Nutrition and the Brain a. Effects of Deprivation 3. Brainstem a. Neural Pathways of Nuclei and Long Tracts b. Reticular Formation c. Reticular Activating System d. Medulla Oblongata e. Pons f. Midbrain 4. Cerebellum a. Anatomy and functions of the Cerebellum 5. Cerebrum a. Anatomy and functions of the Cerebrum b. Cerebral Lobes c. Diencephalon 6. Cranial Nerves 7. Chemicals and the Nervous System 8. Physiological and Anatomical Abnormalities - 6 -
D. The Autonomic Nervous System 1. Structure of the Peripheral Nervous System 2. Central Autonomic Control Centers 3. Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic and Parasympathetic E. The Senses 1. Sensory Reception 2. Special Senses 3. Somatic Senses EVALUATION OF STUDENT PERFORMANCE Unit Exams (Minimum of Four), Laboratory Practicals, Quizzes, Homework, and Laboratory Exercises INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS Lectures, Discussions, Dissections, Physiology Software, Physiology Hardware. TEXT AND MATERIALS See the division for the current text and materials Revised: November 2014-7 -