Bone Practical Labs 17 + 18 Muscles Wed 7/11 @ 8am 40 50 stations About half axial, half appendicular bones Disarticulated bones: Skulls, partial skulls, vertebrae, ribs, skeletons, arm bones, leg bones, hand, foot, os coxa, sternum, clavicle, scapula Know names and locations of all bones and bone parts on the list Muscle Labs Most of the labs for the next two weeks will consist of looking at models and diagrams to learn the muscles. The models will be the same models used on the practical quizzes I will post these lectures on the website Final Practical Covers head and face; neck; chest; abdominal; and back and shoulder, upper arm; lower arm; hip and thigh; upper leg; and lower leg Brain and cranial nerves Quiz format 40+ stations, about half with models and half with B/W photocopies of figures straight out of your book. 50 pts, plus bonuses Know locations, origins and insertions (for the ones in bold on the muscle list) and general functions Divisions of the Muscular System 1. Axial muscles: position head and spinal column move rib cage 60% of skeletal muscles 2. Appendicular muscles: support pectoral and pelvic girdles support limbs 40% of skeletal muscles 1
Origins and Insertions Muscles have 1 fixed point of attachment (origin) and 1 moving point of attachment (insertion) Most muscles originate or insert on the skeleton Origin is usually proximal to insertion Origin and Insetaions Fixed end in (b) below is the origin, while moving end is the insertion Figure 10 13 Actions Movements produced by muscle contraction Body movements e.g., flexion, extension, adduction, etc. Described in terms of bone, joint, or region Muscle Interactions Muscles work in groups to maximize efficiency Smaller muscles reach maximum tension first, followed by larger, primary muscles Muscle Terminology Based on Function Agonist (prime mover): produces a particular movement Antagonist: opposes movement of a particular agonist Muscle Terminology Based on Function Synergist: a smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist helps start motion or stabilize origin of agonist (fixator) 2
Muscle Opposition Agonists and antagonists work in pairs: when 1 contracts, the other stretches i.e., flexors extensors, abductors adductors, etc. How does the name of a muscle help identify its location, appearance, or function? Names of Skeletal Muscles Correct names of muscles include the term muscle Exceptions: platysma diaphragm Descriptive Names for Skeletal Muscles 1. Location in the body 2. Origin and insertion 3. Fascicle organization 4. Relative position 5. Structural characteristics 6. Action Location in the Body Identifies body regions: e.g., temporalis muscle Origin and Insertion First part of name indicates origin Second part of name indicates insertion: e.g., genioglossus muscle 3
Fascicle Organization Describes fascicle orientation within muscle: rectus (straight) = parallel to body or limb transversus = perpendicular to the midline oblique Relative Position Externus (superficialis): visible at body surface Internus (profundus): deep muscles Extrinsic: muscles outside an organ Intrinsic: muscles inside an organ Structural Characteristics Number of tendons (or heads): bi = 2, tri = 3 Shape: trapezius, deltoid, rhomboid Size Names for Muscle Size (1 of 2) Longus = long Longissimus = longest Teres = long and round Brevis= short Magnus = large Names For Muscle Size (2 of 2) Major = larger Maximus = largest Minor = small Minimus = smallest Action Movements: e.g., flexor, extensor, retractor Occupations or habits: e.g., risor = laughter 4
Naming Skeletal Muscles Naming Skeletal Muscles contiuned Table 11 1 (1 of 2) Table 11 1 (2 of 2) Lab 17 Do the three activities, which include: Draw the sarcomere (use space at bottom of page 239 Due next week in lab Lab #18 Muscles of the Head and Neck Quiz 8 Muscles I Next week: on head and face; neck; chest; abdominal; and back and shoulder (20 pts) Quiz format 20+ stations, about half with models and half with B/W photocopies of figures straight out of your book. 20 pts, plus bonuses Know locations, origins and insertions (for the ones in bold on the muscle list) and general functions (though you will need to know functions mostly for the exam). 5
The Axial Muscles What are the principle axial muscles of the body, their origins, insertions, actions, and innervation? Divisions based on location and function: muscles of head and neck muscles of vertebral column oblique and rectus muscles muscles of pelvic floor 6 Muscle Groups of the Head and Neck 1. Muscles of facial expression: originate on skull 2. Extrinsic (outside) eye muscles: (don t need to know) 6 Muscle Groups of the Head and Neck 3. Muscles of mastication: move the mandible 4. Muscles of the tongue: names end in glossus (FYI) 5. Muscles of the pharynx: begin swallowing process (FYI) 6 Muscle Groups of the Head and Neck 6. Anterior muscles of the neck: control position of larynx depress the mandible support tongue and pharynx Muscles of Facial Expression Orbicularis oris: constricts the mouth opening Buccinator: moves food around the cheeks Corrugator supercilli wrinkles forehead Orbicularis oculi sphincter of eye 6
Others Zygomaticus pull skin of mouth up and out when smiling Levator labii superiorus raises upper lip Depressor labii inferiorus pouting muscle Muscles of the Epicranium (Scalp) Temporoparietalis Occipitofrontalis: frontal and occipital bellies separated by epicranial aponeurosis Platysma: covers anterior surface of neck Muscles of Facial Expression Muscles of Facial Expression Figure 11 4a Figure 11 4b Summary: Muscles of Facial Expression Summary: Muscles of Facial Expression Table 11 2 (1 of 2) Table 11 2 (2 of 2) 7
3 Muscles of Mastication Muscles of Mastication Masseter: the strongest jaw muscle Temporalis: helps lift the mandible Pterygoid muscles (FYI): position mandible for chewing Figure 11 6 Summary: Muscles of Mastication Don t need to know any of these Muscles of the Tongue Table 11 4 Figure 11 7 Muscles of the Neck Anterior Muscles of the Neck Digastric: from chin to hyoid also hyoid to mastoid Platysma: covers anterior surface of neck Sternocleidomastoid: from clavicle and sternum to mastoid Figure 11 9 8
Summary: Anterior Muscles of the Neck Table 11 7 Today: Lab #18 Examine the relevant muscles of the head, jaw, and neck Remember: if it s not on the list, you don t have to locate it or write about it in the lab report Lab report for #18 due next week 9