Overweight is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in Chinese populations

obesity reviews Overweight is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in Chinese populations Beifan Zhou, Yangfeng Wu, Jun Yang, Ying Li, Hongye Zhang and Liancheng Zhao Cardiovascular Institute, Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China Received 2 December 21; accepted 4 February 22 Address reprint requests to: Prof. Beifan Zhou, Cardiovascular Institute, Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, A167 Bei Li Shi Road, Beijing 137, China. E-mail: fwzhoubf@public.bta.net.cn Summary In the last decade of the 2th century, cardiovascular disease was the leading cause of death in China, accounting for one-third of the total deaths. In comparison with western populations, the mean body weight or body mass index (BMI) of the Chinese population was lower, but showed an increasing trend. Whether the variation within lower levels of BMI or waist circumference was associated with other risk factors of cardiovascular disease, and whether they contribute independently to the risk of cardiovascular disease in the Chinese population, was investigated in this study. In keeping with a uniform study design, in each of 14 study populations at different geographical locations and with different characteristics, the incidence rates of stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD) and the causes of death were monitored in ª1 residents from 1991 to 1995 using the MONICA procedure. Risk factors were surveyed in a random cluster sample of 1 subjects (35 59 years of age) from each population under surveillance using internationally standardized methods and a centralized system to ensure quality control. Among the risk factors, body weight, height, and waist and hip circumferences were measured. Cross-sectional stratified analyses were used to analyse the relationship of BMI (kg m -2 ) or waist circumference to other metabolic risk factors. Ten cohorts among the 14 study populations with 24 734 participants were surveyed from 1982 to 1985 as a baseline for further study and were followed-up for 9 years taking the events of stroke, CHD and different causes of death as end-points. Cox regression models were used to explore the association of BMI with the relative risks of stroke, CHD and total death. The survey in 14 random samples with a total number of 19 741 subjects showed that the mean BMI (2.8 25.1) and waist circumference (67.8 86.7 cm) were much lower than those of western populations. There was, however, variation in the anthropometric measurements among populations within China. Thus, rates of overweight varied from 2.7% to 48.1% and obesity from % to 9.5% on the basis of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, but these values were lower than those found in western populations. Data from the 1 cohort samples compared with baseline data in the early 198s showed that the mean BMIs increased significantly in eight populations during the early 199s with the differences ranging from.5 to 2.5 kg m -2. Despite the lower level of BMI and the lower rate of overweight, cross-sectional analyses showed that the prevalence of hypertension, high fasting serum glucose, high serum total cholesterol and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and their clustering were all raised with increases in BMI or waist circumference. The prospective cohort study showed that the BMI was one of the independent risk factors for stroke and CHD in Chinese populations. Hence, in a Chinese population characterized by lower levels of BMI and great variability in rates of overweight, variation of BMI was significantly related to the prevalence of other metabolic risk factors and their clustering. Overweight was one of the independent risk factors for stroke and CHD, both at population and individual levels. Given the increasing trends of BMI in the last 1 years, during the period of economic transition there is a need 147

148 Overweight and cardiovascular risk in China B. Zhou et al. obesity reviews to encourage the population to adopt healthy dietary habits and to increase their physical activity. Health education and health promotion are important for the prevention and non-pharmacological therapy of cardiovascular disease in China. Keywords: Body mass index, cardiovascular disease, waist circumference. obesity reviews (22) 3, 147 156 Introduction In the last decade of the 2th century, cardiovascular disease was the leading cause of death in China. According to the statistical report of the Chinese Ministry of Health, in 1998 the death rate from cardiovascular disease was 245/1 for urban and 193/1 for rural China. Cerebrovascular disease was the dominant cause of death with rates of 138/1 and 113/1 for urban and rural areas, respectively. These compare with rates for heart disease of 17/1 and 8/1, respectively. The risk factors of cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes and overweight, all showed increasing trends. According to the annual statistical report of the Ministry of Health, between 1988 and 1995 the mortality rates for coronary heart disease (CHD) per 1 population increased from 44.9 to 59.4 in urban areas and from 19.2 to 26.8 in the countryside (1). Overweight has already been shown to play an important role in the clustering of CHD risk factors in western populations (2,3). In the Chinese population, with its lower mean level of body mass index (BMI) and with rates of overweight being significantly lower than those in western populations, there is a need to establish whether the variation of BMI within this lower range is still associated with the metabolic risk factors of cardiovascular disease and whether overweight is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in the Chinese population. These issues are addressed below. The data from this large sample of a Chinese population might also provide evidence concerning the cut-off points for overweight and obesity in Asian populations. Subjects and methods The data analysed for this article were obtained from a multicentre collaborative study on cardiovascular epidemiology. The design and survey methods of this study have been described in detail previously (4). Fourteen target populations studied were selected on the basis of the main geographical regions of China, i.e. northeast, north, southwest, south, middle-east and middle-west, as well as the main characteristics of the populations, e.g. city residents, rural farmers, factory workers and fishermen. A study population of ª1 residents was drawn from each of the 14 target populations, each of which related to health care areas that were the responsibility of one or several central hospitals. The factory worker populations under surveillance were the residents living in the residential areas of their companies. The 14 populations studied included six groups of rural farmers, four groups of city residents, three groups of factory workers and one group of fisherman. In each of the study groups, 1 individuals from the relevant populations were monitored from 1991 to 1995 for the incidence of stroke attacks, CHD events and all causes of death, using the methods and diagnostic criteria of the MONICA project. Survey of risk factors One-thousand participants (5 men and 5 women, 35 59 years of age), were drawn as a random cluster sample (i.e. all eligible persons in randomly selected villages, factories, or city blocks) from each of the population under surveillance for a survey of risk factors of cardiovascular disease using internationally standardized methods (5). Among the survey items, body weight, height, and waist and hip circumferences were measured. Height was measured to the nearest cm using a vertical ruler, and weight was measured to the nearest kg with the use of a spring balance. Each participant was measured wearing their usual indoor clothing and no shoes. Waist circumference was measured in the standing position with a measuring tape at the middle point between the lowest point of the costal arch and the crest of the iliac bone on both sides of the body, and through the mid-point between umbilicus and xyphoid process on the abdominal side of the body. Serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and glucose were measured (after fasting for 12 h) by local laboratories using enzymatic methods under the quality control of the Central Laboratory at the Coordinating centre in the Department of Epidemiology at the Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. This laboratory was standardized in conjunction with the quality control programme of the Centers for Disease Control (Atlanta, Georgia, USA).

obesity reviews Overweight and cardiovascular risk in China B. Zhou et al. 149 Cohort follow-up Among the 14 populations studied, 1 cohorts with a total number of 24 734 participants (35 59 years of age, without a history of CHD or stroke at baseline) were surveyed during 1982 85 for risk factors by using internationally standardized methods. They were then followed-up for an average of 9 years, using uniform procedures and diagnostic criteria (6), taking the events of stroke (intracerebral haemorrhage, cerebral infarction, cerebral embolism, subarachnoid haemorrhage and unclassified), CHD (acute myocardial infarction, coronary sudden death and chronic coronary death) and all causes of death, as end-points. The principal physicians of the local centres, who were responsible for the implementation and quality control of cohort monitoring, were trained and certified centrally by the Coordinating Centre in the Department of Epidemiology, Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, before the beginning of the follow-up period. For the participants with cardiovascular events occurring during the follow-up period, detailed clinical information was collected from the hospital responsible for their care, health station or family members, and checked for completeness and accuracy by the local principal physicians. A local physicians committee then made the final diagnosis. All the case reports were then sent to the Coordinating Centre for final verification and pooling. Data management All the data for the surveillance, risk factor survey and cohort follow-ups were entered twice into the computer at local centres. Using centrally provided software, the diskettes were then shipped to the Coordinating Centre for further verification, pooling and statistical management. The association of BMI or waist circumference with other risk factors of cardiovascular disease were analysed crosssectionally using the data of the risk factor survey to estimate the prevalence of high-risk groups (i.e. hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, high fasting serum glucose or low HDL-C) by strata of BMI or waist circumference. The cohort follow-up data were analysed by univariate analyses and only adjusted for age, and then by the Cox proportional hazard model to show the association of BMI with the relative risk of stroke and CHD at the individual level. Results Means of body weight, height, BMI and waist circumference A total of 92 men and 1 531 women (35 59 years of age) were included in the study. The means of body weight for 14 population samples surveyed ranged from 55.3 to 7.4 kg for men and from 52. to 65.9 kg for women. Means of height were 162.9 171.2 cm for men and 152.8 158.3 cm for women. Means of waist circumference ranged from 69.6 86.7 cm for men and from 67.8 82.6 cm for women. Means of BMI (kg m -2 ) were 2.8 24.6 and 2.9 25.1 for men and women, respectively. These mean anthropometric indices were much lower than those found in western populations (Tables 1 and 2). The large variation in BMI and waist circumference among the different Chinese groups is another characteristic of the Chinese Table 1 Mean and standard deviation (SD) of body weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (men 35 59 years) Groups studied n Body weight Height BMI Waist circumference (kg) (cm) (kg m -2 ) (cm) M SD M SD M SD M SD Harbin residents 529 7.4 8.5 171.2 4.8 24. 2.6 86.7 11.5 Beijing residents 43 69. 1.7 17.4 6.3 23.7 3.2 81.7 9.5 Beijing workers 165 7. 1. 168.6 5.8 24.6 3.1 85.1 9. Beijing farmers 721 68. 11.1 167.8 5.9 24.6 3.1 84.8 9.9 Qian-an miners 529 66.8 9.4 167.6 5.4 23.7 2.9 81.9 8.9 Shanxi farmers 62 6.2 7.8 166.1 5.8 21.8 2.4 75.8 7.1 Shaanxi farmers 438 55.3 6.3 162.9 6.2 2.8 1.9 69.6 5.2 Shanghai residents 459 64.2 9.2 169.2 6.2 22.4 3. 79.8 8.6 Sichuan residents 66 61.8 8.7 165.3 5.8 22.6 2.8 76.8 8.2 Jiangsu farmers 481 61.2 7.6 164.3 5.8 22.1 2.4 76.4 7.3 Guangxi farmers 411 57.9 8.2 164.2 5.8 21.5 2.7 73.7 7.5 Guangzhou workers 1288 59.9 8.9 166. 6. 21.7 2.9 76.9 7.9 Guangzhou farmers 1215 56.5 8.5 164.1 6.1 2.9 2.7 74.4 8. Zejiang fishermen 367 58.4 7.3 166. 5.7 21.2 2.3 72.3 7.1 Total and means 9213 62.7 1.3 166.7 6.2 22.5 3.1 78.6 9.7

15 Overweight and cardiovascular risk in China B. Zhou et al. obesity reviews Table 2 Mean and standard deviation (SD) of body weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (women 35 59 years) Groups studied n Body weight Height BMI Waist circumference (kg) (cm) (kg m -2 ) (cm) M SD M SD M SD M SD Harbin residents 554 6.6 9.2 158.3 5.6 24.2 3.5 81. 9.2 Beijing residents 574 6.6 9.5 158.1 5.7 24.3 3.7 76.7 9.3 Beijing workers 115 61.7 9.5 156.7 5.3 25.1 3.7 81.4 9.6 Beijing farmers 125 6.7 9.7 155.7 5.2 25. 3.7 82.6 9.4 Qian-an miners 437 61.5 9.1 156.5 4.7 25.1 3.4 79.5 8.6 Shanxi farmers 758 56.8 9.2 155. 5.2 23.6 3.4 78. 9.5 Shaanxi farmers 587 49.5 6.4 153.1 5.7 21.1 2.3 67.8 6. Shanghai residents 561 56.9 8.6 157.1 5.9 23.1 3.4 75.9 8.7 Sichuan residents 451 53.1 7.2 154.4 5. 22.3 2.6 71.5 7.8 Jiangsu farmers 62 55.6 7.9 153. 5.1 23. 3. 74.5 7.5 Guangxi farmers 47 5.7 7.4 153. 5.1 21.6 2.9 69.6 7.5 Guangzhou workers 1339 54.7 8.5 155.5 5.4 22.6 3.3 75.3 8.8 Guangzhou farmers 1463 48.8 6.9 152.8 5.5 2.9 2.5 71.2 7.3 Zhejiang fishermen 515 52. 7.3 155.8 5.1 21.4 2.7 68.7 7.5 Total and means 1531 55.8 9.6 155.4 5.6 23.1 3.5 75.8 9.7 Table 3 Change of age-adjusted mean of body mass index (BMI) from Survey I (1982 85) to Survey II (1992 93) Men Women Survey I Survey II Difference Survey I Survey II Difference Beijing workers 23.3 24.7 1.4* 24.4 24.8.4* Beijing farmers 22.1 24.2 2.1* 22.7 25.2 2.5* Qian-an miners 22. 23.7 1.7* 24. 25.1 1.1* Shanxi farmers 21.3 21.8.5* 22. 23.6 1.6* Shaanxi farmers 2.9 2.8 -.1 21.1 21.1 Jiangsu farmers 21.1 22.1 1.* 21.2 23. 1.8* Guangxi farmers 19.5 21.5 2.* 19.6 21.6 2.* Guangzhou workers 2.6 21.6 1.* 21.6 22.3.7* Guangzhou farmers 19.7 21.1 1.4* 19.5 2.7 1.2* Zhejiang fishermen 21.3 21.2 -.1 2.8 21.4.6 *P <.1 for the difference of means between survey I and survey II. population. In general, those in the north were heavier than those in the south, with the city residents and suburban farmers heavier than the inland rural farmers. Comparing the age-adjusted mean levels of BMI of 1 study populations surveyed in 1992 94 with corresponding baseline data collected during the 198s, eight of the population groups showed significant increases ranging from a mean BMI increase of.5 2.5 kg m -2. For the other two populations (farmers of Shaanxi province, situated in the middle of China; and the fishermen of Zhejiang province, located on the east coast), there was no significant change (Table 3) Rates of overweight and obesity According to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for overweight and obesity, a BMI of 3 is defined as obesity and of 25. as overweight. The rate of overweight in these Chinese population samples ranged widely from 2.7 to 45.4% for men and from 6.3 to 49.7% for women. The rates of obesity were 4.3% for men and.2 9.5% for women, i.e. much lower than those of western populations (Table 4). Correlation of BMI with other metabolic risk factors The metabolic factors studied included hypertension (defined as systolic blood pressure 14 mmhg and/or diastolic blood pressure 9 mmhg, or taking antihypertensive drugs within the past 2 weeks), hypercholesterolaemia (defined as serum total cholesterol 2 mg dl -1 ), low HDL-C (defined as serum HDL-C lower than 35 mg dl -1 ) and high fasting serum glucose (defined as

obesity reviews Overweight and cardiovascular risk in China B. Zhou et al. 151 fasting serum glucose 11 mg dl -1 ). Among the participants surveyed in 1992 94 from 14 populations, 7454 men and 912 women with complete information on these factors were pooled and stratified by their BMI or waist circumference. The prevalence of persons at high risk of each factor were then estimated by strata of BMI or waist circumference. Results showed that the prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, low HDL-C and high fasting serum glucose all increased with the strata increments of BMI. From a BMI of <2 to 28, the increases were as follows: for hypertension in men, 12.7 58.7%; for hypercholesterolaemia, 17.3 35.2%; for low HDL-C, Table 4 Rates (%) of overweight and obesity in the different population groups Groups studied Men Women BMI 25 BMI 3 BMI 25 BMI 3 Harbin residents 31.6 1.5 39.4 5.8 Beijing residents 35.1 2.6 36.9 5.3 Beijing workers 45.4 4.3 49.7 9.5 Beijing farmers 39.8 4.2 47.7 9.2 Qian-an miners 31.2 2.5 48.1 8.9 Shanxi farmers 1..3 31.1 3.6 Shaanxi farmers 2.7 6.3 2. Shanghai residents 19.4 1.3 27.3 2.5 Sichuan residents 19.4.6 14.6.2 Jiangsu farmers 11.4.2 23.6 1.5 Guangxi farmers 8.8.7 11.9 1.1 Guangzhou workers 13.3.5 2.5 2.3 Guangzhou farmers 6.7.8 6.4 3. Zhejiang fishermen 6.3 9.9 4. Means 2.7 1.5 27. 3.9 BMI, body mass index. 5 19%; and for high fasting serum glucose, 5.4 42.6%. Similar increments were also found in women (Table 5, Figs 1 and 2). The prevalence of persons at high risk by increments of waist circumference divided into intervals of 5 cm showed similar patterns to those of BMI, but the slope of risk factor prevalence by the increments of waist circumference were steeper. For men, increases from waist circumference <6 cm to 1 cm, were: for hypertension, 8. 72.2%; for high serum total cholesterol, 15.5 36.9%; for low HDL-C, 4.2 17%; for high fasting serum glucose, 4. 18.2%; and for adults with two or more risk factors, 8. 43.8%. Similar increases were also found in women (Table 6, Figs 3 and 4). Association of BMI with the incidence of coronary heart disease, stroke and total mortality From the results of the prospective study in 1 cohorts during a follow-up period of an average 9 years, 9 cases of coronary events and 256 cases of stroke attack occurred. Univariate analyses showed that the age-adjusted incidence (one per 1) of coronary heart disease by quintiles (<18.9, 18.9 2.2, 2.3 21.7, 21.8 23.8 and 23.9 for women; 19.1, 19.1 2.2, 2.3 21.4, 21.5 23.1 and 23.2 for men) of BMI were 2.5, 2.6, 3.4, 3.9 and 6., respectively. Similarly, those for stroke were 5.2, 7.8, 7.8, 12.6 and 18., respectively. Compared with the lowest quintile, the incidence of coronary events in the highest quintile increased 1.4 times and the incidence of stroke attack increased 2.5 times (Figs 5 and 6). Multiple analyses by the Cox proportional hazard model revealed that after controlling for age, gender, blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, smoking and alcohol drinking status, BMI was Table 5 Prevalence (%) with specific risk factors of persons by body mass index (BMI) BMI <2 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Men n 158 945 973 859 8 715 528 423 253 378 High blood pressure 12.7 17.9 19.6 19.7 26.4 34.1 36.6 45.4 41.9 58.7 High fasting blood glucose 5.4 6.5 6.2 7.6 7. 8.8 1.8 11.8 14.6 17.2 High total cholesterol 17.3 19.6 2.2 24. 27.8 31.5 31.8 34.5 31.6 35.2 Low HDL-C 5. 6.6 6. 7.2 9.9 11.6 14.6 15.1 18.2 19. 2 risk factors 5. 8.9 8.5 9.9 14.6 21.1 23.3 28.6 28.1 37.6 Women n 1754 983 124 173 88 858 673 532 423 812 High blood pressure 11.6 12.9 14.2 19.4 19.5 26.6 29.4 34.4 4.2 47.8 High fasting blood glucose 5.5 6.8 7.6 8.7 8. 8.6 9.4 9.8 14.9 13.8 High total cholesterol 19.8 21.6 22.9 25.7 29.8 31.1 31.2 34. 33.3 36.7 Low HDL-C 4.4 4.4 6.3 5.7 8.7 7.9 1.2 9.2 1.3 2 risk factors 6.5 8.2 8.5 12.2 12.7 17.5 18.2 2.9 26.7 3.4 HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol.

152 Overweight and cardiovascular risk in China B. Zhou et al. obesity reviews 7 6 5 High BP High FBG High TC Low HDL-C 2RFs Percentage 4 3 2 1 <2 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 BMI Figure 1 Prevalence of men (35 59 years) at high risk, as judged by body mass index (BMI). BP, blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; RF, risk factor. 6 5 4 High BP High FBG High TC Low HDL-C 2 RFs Percentage 3 2 1 <2 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 BMI Figure 2 Prevalence of women (35 59 years) at high risk, as judged by body mass index (BMI). BP, blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; RF, risk factor. associated significantly with the relative risk (RR) of coronary heart disease with each 2-unit increase in BMI being associated with a 23% increase (95% CI for RR: 1.8 1.41) in the risk of coronary heart disease. After controlling for other risk factors, each 2-unit difference in BMI was associated with a 9% difference in the RR for total stroke (95% CI for RR: 1.4 1.13) and a 13% difference in the RR for ischaemic stroke (95% CI for RR: 1.8 1.17). All the associations were statistically significant and independent of other classical risk factors. Discussion The average BMI values and the rates of overweight in the Chinese population are reportedly much lower than those in western populations. Thus, the results of the Canadian Heart Health Survey published in 1992 (2) showed that the mean (±SD) BMIs of 35 44-year and 45 54-year agegroups were 26.5 (±4.2) and 27. (±4.2) for Canadian men and 25.2 (±6.2) and 25.8 (±5.6) for Canadian women. The rates of overweight of the corresponding age-groups were

obesity reviews Overweight and cardiovascular risk in China B. Zhou et al. 153 Table 6 Prevalence (%) with specific risk factors of persons by waist circumference Waist circumference <6 6+ 65+ 7+ 75+ 8+ 85+ 9+ 95+ 1 Men n 25 264 98 1527 1368 1267 938 589 32 176 High blood pressure 8. 12.9 13.8 16.5 19.2 25.1 36.5 45 49.4 72.2 High fasting blood glucose 4. 8.3 6.3 6.5 5.5 8.4 8.1 13.8 14.7 18.2 High total cholesterol 28. 15.5 15.8 18.1 21.9 27.5 33.2 36.5 36.3 36.9 Low HDL-C 8. 4.2 5.1 5.8 6.4 9.9 13.6 14.9 22.5 17. 2 risk factors 8. 6.8 6.3 6.3 8.2 15.3 22.6 29.3 34.6 43.8 Women n 184 817 1541 1828 1583 1297 98 55 233 116 High blood pressure 7.6 11.5 11.9 14.8 19.6 3.6 36.8 43.8 52.4 63.8 High fasting blood glucose 5.4 7.3 6.8 6.7 6.4 9.6 11.7 13.9 16.7 25.9 High total cholesterol 12.5 15.7 18.5 25.1 27.7 35.2 33.4 37.2 42.9 41.4 Low HDL-C 2.7 2.7 4. 4.4 5.7 9.5 9.8 9.9 12. 13.8 2 risk factors 5.4 5.1 7.4 9. 11.4 2.6 24. 27.7 35.2 44.8 HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol. 8 High BP 7 6 High FBG High TC Low HDL-C 2RFs 5 Percentage 4 3 2 Figure 3 Prevalence of men (35 59 years) at high risk, as judged by waist circumference. BP, blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TC, total cholesterol; HDL- C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; RF, risk factor. 1 <6 6-65- 7-75- 8-85- 9-95- 1 Waist circumference 61% and 7% for men, and 37% and 42% for women, with obesity rates of 16% and 18% for men and 15% and 17% for women, respectively. The mean BMI values of a similar age-range of the United States (US) population in 1988 91 were 26.1 27.6 for men and 26.4 28.5 for women, with the rate of overweight (then specified as BMI values 27.8 and 27.3 for men and women) being 33.4% (7). In our 14 Chinese populations (35 59 years of age), the overall means of BMI were 22.5 (±3.1) for men and 23.1 (±3.5) for women; the overall prevalences of overweight were 2.7% and 27.% for men and women, respectively; and the prevalences of obesity were 1.5% for men and 3.9% for women. These are remarkably lower than values reported for Canadian or US populations. Despite the lower BMIs and rates of overweight, the Chinese population was characterized by a large variability in BMI levels among the different regions and type of adult studied and by an increasing trend in BMI values over the last decade. The 14 populations studied were not randomly selected from the general Chinese population, but comprised populations located in different regions of the country and included farmers, factory workers, city residents and fishermen. It seems reasonable to conclude therefore that the data reflect the risk factor status of Chinese adults. The analyses of the present study showed that the variability of BMI and waist circumference, even within the

154 Overweight and cardiovascular risk in China B. Zhou et al. obesity reviews 7 6 High BP High FBG High TC Low HDL-C 5 2RFs Percentage 4 3 2 1 <6 6-65- 7-75- 8-85- 9-95- 1 Waist circumference Figure 4 Prevalence of women (35 59 years) at high risk, as judged by waist circumference. BP, blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; RF, risk factor. 18 16 14 12 1 8 18 6 12.6 4 2 5.2 7.8 7.8 F M <18.9 <19.1 18.9-19.1-2.3-2.3-21.8-21.5-23.9-23.2- Figure 5 Age-adjusted incidence/1 of stroke by quintiles of body mass index (BMI). lower range, was associated significantly with the prevalence of other metabolic risk factors in the Chinese population. Comparing the highest stratum (BMI 28) with the lowest stratum (BMI < 2), the prevalence of hypertension was 4.6 times and 4.1 times greater in men and women, respectively; the prevalence of high fasting blood glucose was 3.1 and 2.5 times greater; high serum total cholesterol was 2.3 and 1.85 greater; and low HDL-C was 2.8 and 2.3 times higher. The rate of adult men with two or more risk factors (clustering of risk factors) was 7. times at the highest compared with the lowest BMI groups; that for adult women was 8.8 times. Similar increased prevalences of abnormal metabolic factors with increments of waist circumference were also found, but the slopes were steeper than those for BMI. Thus, for example, in men with waist circumference mea- surements of <6 cm or 6 64 cm to 1 cm, the rates of hypertension, high fasting serum glucose, high serum cholesterol and low HDL-C were 8., 3.6, 1.4 and 3. times higher, respectively. The increase in the rate of persons with two or more risk factors was 5.3 times higher. The relationship of BMI to blood pressure has been reported in a lean population of a minority Yi group in southwest China (8), and the relationship of BMI and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) to cardiovascular risk factors was also reported in a lean population of Guangzhou workers and farmers in southern China (9). Similar associations were also found in other Asian populations, such as urban Japanese men with a mean BMI of 22.5 and a WHR of.9 (1), and in Hong Kong Chinese with a mean BMI of 23.4 and waist circumference of 8.8 cm for men and 74.9 cm for women. The present report now therefore

obesity reviews Overweight and cardiovascular risk in China B. Zhou et al. 155 6 5 4 3 6 2 3.4 3.9 1 2.5 2.6 Figure 6 Age-adjusted incidence/1 of coronary heart disease (CHD) by quintiles of body mass index (BMI). F M <18.9 <19.1 18.9-19.1-2.3-2.3-21.8-21.5-23.9-23.2- reveals the significant associations of body mass and fat distribution with other metabolic risk factors in more dispersed populations of China. Although the cross-sectional stratified analyses showed that the increment of BMI correlated significantly with the increase of other metabolic risk factors in Chinese populations, whether BMI is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and what its relationship is with total mortality has still to be established. The ecological analyses of the associations between the incidence and risk factors for CHD and stroke among these 14 Chinese populations published previously (3), showed that the population mean of BMI was one of the independent predictors for the incidence of both CHD and stroke at a population level. The size of the associations of mean BMI variations between groups with the incidence of CHD was similar to that of the mean serum total cholesterol, the HDL-C and diastolic blood pressure levels. The prospective study in 1 cohorts with 24 734 participants revealed that the incidence of both CHD and stroke rose with each quintile increment of BMI. After adjusting for other classical risk factors, the association of BMI with CHD and stroke still remained significant. The importance of body mass in predicting cardiovascular disease has been the subject of debate. In 1983, a report from the 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Study (11) showed that obesity is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, in 1984, the report from a 13-year follow-up of participants in a Swedish study of men born in 1913 concluded that neither quintiles nor deciles of BMI showed a significant correlation with death as a result of stroke, CHD or all cause of death, whereas abdominal obesity did relate (12). The result of the US Nurses study showed, however, that even within the then designated US normal weight range of BMI 21 27 kg m -2 (2), higher levels of BMI appeared to increase the risk of CHD in middle-aged women (13). The present report reveals that in 1 Chinese cohorts with mean BMIs of 19.7 23.6 for men and 19.5 24.3 for women at baseline, BMI was a risk factor for the incidence of both CHD and stroke, independent of age, gender, blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, smoking and alcohol drinking. Between 1982 and 1992 the prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased by 53% in urban China and by 4% in rural China (C. M. Chen, personal communication). The prevention of overweight and obesity through a healthy diet and increased physical activity must now become an important task in the control of cardiovascular disease in China. In another report from our cohort study, the association of BMI with the rate of total deaths, death from cancer and deaths from causes other than CHD and stroke all showed J-shaped curves (14); when the BMI was lower than 17 19, the mortality rate increased markedly. It seems therefore that the lower (18.5 kg m -2 ) for normal BMI suggested by the WHO is also appropriate for the Chinese population. However, the cut-off points for action levels (15) of overweight and obesity for use in Chinese and other Asian populations requires further analysis. References 1 Yu SZ, Shen HB. The status of coronary heart disease in China and other countries and the strategy for its prevention (Review). Chinese J Epidemiol 1998; 19: 34 36 (in Chinese). 2 Reeder BA, Angel A, Ledoux M, Rabkin SW, Young TK, Sweet LE. Obesity and its relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors in Canadian adults. Canadian Heart Health Surveys Research Group. Can Med Assoc J 1992; 146: 29 219. 3 Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Wattingney WA, Berenson GS. Adolescent overweight is associated with adult overweight and related multiple cardiovascular risk factors: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Metabolism 1996; 45: 235 249.

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