Pharmacy Accreditation

EASING THE PATIENT BURDEN OF PSORIASIS AND PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS: THE ROLE OF THE SPECIALTY PHARMACIST Claire Lee, PharmD, CSP, CPHQ Clinical Quality Improvement Supervisor Diplomat Flint, Michigan Pharmacy Accreditation Pharmacy Times Continuing Education is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) as a provider of continuing pharmacy education. This activity is approved for 1.0 contact hour (0.10 CEU) under the ACPE universal activity number 0290-0000-16-022-L01-P. The activity is available for CE credit through May 3, 2016. Faculty Disclosure Claire Lee, PharmD, CSP, CPHQ, has the following relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose. Employee: Diplomat

This activity is sponsored by Pharmacy Times Continuing Education and supported by an educational grant from Lilly. Learning Objectives Explain the pathophysiology, etiology, prognosis, clinical presentation, and comorbidities associated with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis Identify current and emerging treatment options for psoriasis Examine current and emerging treatment options for psoriatic arthritis Determine the role of the specialty pharmacist in supporting patient education and adherence for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis Overview Psoriasis Chronic inflammatory disorder of the skin Affects approximately 3.2% of adults over the age of 20 in the US 7.4 million adults over the age of 20 (2013) Psoriatic Arthritis Chronic systemic inflammatory disease Affects between 6 and 42% of patients with psoriasis Appears before skin manifestations of psoriasis in approximately 10-15% of patients Both diseases affect male and female patients equally Rachakonda TD, et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;70(3):512-516.; Mease PJ, et al. Drugs. 2014;74(4):423-441.; Griffiths CEM, et al. Lancet. 2007;370(9583):263-271.

Pathophysiology From N Engl J Med, Nestle FO, Kaplan DH, Barker J. Psoriasis, 361(5):496-509. Copyright (2009) Massachusetts Medical Society. Reprinted with permission from Massachusetts Medical Society. Pathophysiology Increased levels of proinflammatory mediators Secretion of inflammatory cytokines Long-term (ie, chronic) disruption of immune cell signaling Lasting changes to underlying cell mechanisms in the skin and joints Clinical presentation Mease PJ, et al. Drugs. 2014;74(4):423-441. Etiology Genetic Factors Nine chromosomal loci have been associated with statistically significant linkage to psoriasis (PSORS1- PSORS9). Disease concordance studies among twins show that the risk of psoriasis is two-three times higher between monozygotic twins than it is among dizygotic twins. Environmental Factors Infection (ie, streptococcal pharyngitis, HIV) Stress, trauma, smoking, cold weather, humidity, diet and obesity Drugs (ie, beta-blockers, lithium, anti-malarial, interferon) Nestle FO, et al. NEJM. 2009;361(5):496-509.; Chandran V, et al. J Autoimmuni. 2010; 34(3):J314-321.

Clinical Presentation Chronic Plaque Psoriasis Most common form of psoriasis (90%). Characterized by well-circumscribed, dry silvery-white scales of variable thickness Lesions are typically located symmetrically and may be more apt to develop at sites of trauma or injury (ie, Koebner s phenomenon) Other types of psoriasis: Guttate Inverse (flexural) Pustular Erythrodermic Griffiths CEM, et al. Lancet. 2007;370(9583):263-271.; Langley RGB, et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(Suppl II):ii18-ii23. Clinical Presentation Psoriatic Arthritis - Five proposed subtypes - Classic presentation: distal interphalangel joint involvement, dactylitis, and calcaneal enthesitis - Nail involvement is more common in patients with psoriatic arthritis than psoriasis alone - Development of diagnostic criteria has lagged behind that for other arthropathies (ie, rheumatoid arthritis) Griffiths CEM, et al. Lancet. 2007;370(9583):263-271.; Langley RGB, et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(Suppl II):ii18-ii23.; Helliwell PS, et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(Suppl II):ii3-ii8. Comorbidities Comorbidity Hospitalized with Psoriasis (%) Hospital-based Control (%) OR (95% CI) Metabolic Syndrome Diabetes Mellitus Type II Arterial Hypertension 4.3 1.1 5.92 (2.78-12.8) 11.7 5.8 2.48 (1.70-3.61) 21.9 10.2 3.27 (2.41-4.43) Hyperlipidemia 5.2 2.8 2.09 (1.23-3.54) Coronary Heart Disease 5.5 3.6 1.77 (1.07-2.93) Sommer DM, et al. Arch Dermatol Res. 2006;298(7):321-328.

Comorbidities Patients with psoriasis are at least 1.5 times more likely to experience depression and use more anti-depressant medications than the general population Psychological symptoms may not correlate with disease severity Psychosocial effects Shame and embarrassment (89%) Anxiety (58%) Lack of confidence (42%) Depression (24%) Family friction (26%) Reduction in participation in athletic activities (50%) Major difficulties at work (44%) Dowlatshahi EA, et al. J Invest Dermat. 2014;134(6):1542-1551.; Perrott SB, et al. Physiol Behav. 2000;70(5):567-571.; Russo PAJ, et al. Australas J Dermatol. 2004;45(3):155-161. Characterizing Disease Severity Body surface area affected: < 5% 5-10% > 10% Mild Psoriasis Moderate Psoriasis Severe Psoriasis Patients generally categorized as mild-to-moderate or moderate-tosevere Moderate-to-severe typically defined as: Involvement of more than 5% to 10% of body surface area (BSA) Involvement of face, palms, or soles of feet Disease that is otherwise disabling Menter A, et al. Lancet. 2007;370(9583):272-284. Assessment and Prognosis Clinical Practice Patient interview Assessment Tools Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) Physician Global Assessment (PGA) Static form (standard) Dynamic form American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20 Quality of life assessment Feldman SR, et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(Suppl II):ii65-68.; Mease PJ, et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(Suppl II):ii49-ii54.; Krueger GG, et al. J Am Acad Dermat. 2000;43(2 Pt 1):281-285.

Treatment Not a curable disease Goals of treatment: Decrease lesion burden Improve quality of life Treatments categorized: Topical Phototherapy Systemic Menter A, et al. Lancet. 2007;370(9583):272-284. Treatment TNF tumor necrosis factor; MTX - methotrexate Menter A, et al. Lancet. 2007;370(9583):272-284. Topical Therapy Used for the majority of patients with mild-to-moderate disease (80% of patients with psoriasis) May be used as supportive therapy for resistant lesions in patients with more extensive disease that are receiving other therapies Not recommended as monotherapy for patients with extensive disease High efficacy and safety Duration of therapy dependent on clinical goals and agent potency Adherence is generally poor Menter A, et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60(4):643-659.

Phototherapy Despite recent expansion in available biologic options, it remains an essential treatment option, Efficacious Cost effective No risk for systemic immunosuppressive effects Menter A, et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 20010;62(1):114-135. Traditional Systemic Therapy Used when disease is extensive, debilitating, or severely impacts quality of life Continue to play an important role in treatment Benefits include ease of administration and low cost (as compared to biologics) Challenges include toxicity and efficacy (as compared to biologics) Menter A, et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;61(3):451-485. Traditional Systemic Therapy Cyclosporine Methotrexate Acitretin Common Less Common (off-label) Azathioprine Hydroxyurea Leflunamide Mycophenolate mofetil Sulfasalazine Tacrolimus 6-thioguanine Menter A, et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;61(3):451-485.; Rosmarin DM, et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62:838-53.; Jeffes EW III, et al. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;104:183-8.; Schiff MH, et al. Ann Rheum Disease. 2014;73(8):1549-1551.; Soriatane [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: Stiefel Laboratories, Inc.; 2015.

Traditional Systemic Therapy The role of methotrexate (MTX) Weekly dosages range from 7.5-25 mg Titration to optimal dose is recommended Consider intramuscular or subcutaneous injection for patients with adherence issues (equal efficacy) Patients not benefitting from oral MTX at doses 15 mg/week may benefit from subcutaneous administration Combination therapy For patients with psoriatic arthritis Evidence indicates combination therapy with etanercept or infliximab results in better outcomes than biologic monotherapy for the treatment of psoriasis Menter A, et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;61(3):451-485.; Jeffes EW III, et al. J Invest Dermatol 1995;104(2):183-188.; Menter A, et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;61(3):451-485.; Schiff MH, et al. Ann Rheum Disease. 2014;73(8):1549-1551.; Gottlieb AB, et al. British Journal of Dermatol. 2012;167(3): 649 657.; Baranaskaite A, et al. Ann Rheum Disease. 2012;71(4):541-8. Biologics TNF-α inhibitors/ blockers Adalimumab Etanercept Golimumab Infliximab IL-17A antagonist Ixekizumab Secukinumab IL-12/23 antagonist Ustekinumab Humira [package insert]. North Chicago, IL: AbbVie Inc; 2015.; Cimzia [package insert]. Smyrna, GA: UCB, Inc; 2013.; Enbrel [package insert]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Amgen Inc; 2013.; Simponi [package insert]. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech, Inc; 2013.; Remicade [package insert]. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech, Inc; 2013.; Cosenty [package insert]. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; 2015.; Stelara [package insert]. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech, Inc; 2012. Pathophysiology Revisited From N Engl J Med, Nestle FO, Kaplan DH, Barker J. Psoriasis, 361(5):496-509. Copyright (2009) Massachusetts Medical Society. Reprinted with permission from Massachusetts Medical Society.

Biologics Drug Chronic Plaque Psoriasis Psoriatic Arthritis Adalimumab X X Certolizumab pegol X Etanercept X X Golimumab X Infliximab X X Ixekizumab X Secukinumab X X Ustekinumab X X Humira [package insert]. North Chicago, IL: AbbVie Inc; 2015.; Cimzia [package insert]. Smyrna, GA: UCB, Inc; 2013.; Enbrel [package insert]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Amgen Inc; 2013.; Simponi [package insert]. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech, Inc; 2013.; Remicade [package insert]. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech, Inc; 2013.; Taltz [package insert]. Indianapolis, IN: Eli Lilly and Company; 2016.; Cosenty [package insert]. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; 2015.; Stelara [package insert]. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech, Inc; 2012. Adalimumab TNF-α inhibitor Subcutaneous administration Moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis 80 mg at day 0, followed by 40 mg at day 7 and every other week thereafter Psoriatic arthritis 40 mg every other week Loss of efficacy after restart; optimal treatment strategy is continuous use Humira [package insert]. North Chicago, IL: AbbVie Inc; 2015.; Menter A, et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58(5):826-850.; Menter A, et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58(1):106-115. Certolizumab Pegol TNF-α blocker Subcutaneous administration Psoriatic arthritis 400 mg at weeks 0, 2, and 4, followed by 200 mg every other week thereafter 400 mg every 4 weeks can be considered for maintenance therapy Cimzia [package insert]. Smyrna, GA: UCB, Inc; 2013.

Etanercept TNF-α blocker Subcutaneous administration Plaque psoriasis 50 mg twice weekly for 3 months, followed by 50 mg once weekly thereafter Psoriatic arthritis 50 mg once weekly +/- methotrexate Anti-etanercept antibodies possible Do not appear to reduce efficacy Potential for loss of efficacy over time Enbrel [package insert]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Amgen Inc; 2013.; Menter A, et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58(5):826-850. Golimumab TNF-α blocker Subcutaneous administration Psoriatic arthritis 50 mg once monthly +/- methotrexate Simponi [package insert]. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech, Inc; 2013. Infliximab TNF-α blocker Intravenous infusion Plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis 5 mg/kg at weeks 0, 2, and 6, followed by every 8 wees thereafter Antibodies possible and likely reduce efficacy More likely to develop with intermittent therapy Continuous therapy is recommended Remicade [package insert]. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech, Inc; 2013.; Menter A, et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58(5):826-850.

Ixekizumab IL-17A antagonist Subcutaneous administration Moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis 160 mg at week 0, followed by 80 mg at weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12, and then 80 mg every 4 weeks thereafter Shown to be more efficacious than etanercept in clinical trials High levels of response through 60 weeks of treatment Most common adverse events: nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection Campa M, et al. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2015 Dec 29.; Griffiths CEM, et al. Lancet. 2005;386(9993):541-551.; Taltz [package insert]. Indianapolis, IN: Eli Lilly and Company; 2016. Secukinumab IL-17A antagonist Subcutaneous administration Moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis 300 mg at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, followed by 300 mg every 4 weeks thereafter For some patients, 150 mg may be acceptable Psoriatic arthritis When psoriasis also present, use plaque psoriasis dosing Psoriatic arthritis only: 150 mg at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, and every 4 weeks thereafter Shown to be more efficacious than etanercept in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis Cosenty [package insert]. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; 2015.; Langley RG, et al. NEJM. 2014;371(4):326-338. IL-12 and IL-23 antagonist Subcutaneous administration Psoriasis Ustekinumab Patients weighing 100 kg (220 lbs): 45 mg at weeks 0 and 4, followed by 45 mg every 12 weeks thereafter Patients weighing > 100 kg (220 lbs): 90 mg at weeks 0 and 4, followed by 90 mg every 12 weeks thereafter Psoriatic arthritis 45 mg at weeks 0 and 4, followed by 45 mg ever 12 weeks thereafter 90 mg dosing regimen should be given to patient with co-existent moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis weighing > 100 kg (220 lbs) Shown to be more effective than etanercept in treating moderate-to-severe psoriasis Biologic least likely to be discontinued Stelara [package insert]. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech, Inc; 2012.; Griffiths CEM, et al. NEJM. 2010;362(2):118-128.

Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) Inhibition Schett G, Sloan VS, Stevens RM, Schafer P. Ther Adv Musculoskel Dis. 2010;2(5):271-78. copyright 2010 by the authors. Reprinted by Permission of SAGE Publications, Ltd. Apremilast PDE4 inhibitor Oral administration Moderate-to-severe psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis 5 day titration, followed by 30 mg twice daily thereafter (purpose is to reduce gastrointestinal adverse effects) Day AM Dose PM Dose Day 1 10 mg -- Day 2 10 mg 10 mg Day 3 10 mg 20 mg Day 4 20 mg 20 mg Day 5 20 mg 30 mg Day 6 and 30 mg 30 mg thereafter Otezla [package insert]. Summit, NJ: Celgene Corporation; 2014. Clinical Endpoints Drug PASI 75 ACR 20 71%-78% 58% Adalimumab Certolizumab pegol N/A 52-58% Etanercept 34%-49% 50% Golimumab N/A 51% Infliximab 75-88% 58% Ixekizumab 87-90% N/A Ustekinumab 65%-78% 42%-50% Secukinumab 67%-87% 38-42% Apremilast 29%-33% 32%-41% Humira [package insert]. North Chicago, IL: AbbVie Inc; 2015.; Cimzia [package insert]. Smyrna, GA: UCB, Inc; 2013.; Kircik LH, et al. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009;8(6):546-559.; Enbrel [package insert]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Amgen Inc; 2013.; Simponi [package insert]. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech, Inc; 2013.; Taltz [package insert]. Indianapolis, IN: Eli Lilly and Company; 2016.; Remicade [package insert]. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech, Inc; 2013.; Stelara [package insert]. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech, Inc; 2012.; Cosentyx [package insert]. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; 2015.; Otezla [package insert]. Summit, NJ: Celgene Corporation; 2014.

Emerging Therapies Agents targeting IL-23 BI-655066 Guselumab Tildrakizumab Agents targeting IL-17 Brodalumab Campa M, et al. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2015 Dec 29. BI-655066 Targets IL-23 Phase II trial (n=166) Patients with moderate-to-severely active psoriasis randomly assigned to receive BI-655066 (18/0, 90/90, or 180/189 mg) or ustekinumab (45 or 90 mg, per weight), subcutaneously, at weeks 0 and 4 77.1% of patients receiving BI-655066 achieved PASI 90 after 12 weeks (compared to 40% with ustekinumab) Most common adverse effects: runny nose, sore throat, headache Trials ongoing Campa M, et al. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2015 Dec 29.; Papp K, et al. [abstract]. American Academy of Dermatology; 2015 Mar 20-24; San Francisco, CA. Guselkumab (CNTO-1959) Targets IL-23 Phase II trial (n = 293) Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, doseranging, active-comparator study Results Proportion of patients achieving PGA score of 0 or 1 was significantly higher in the 50, 100, and 200 mg guselkumab groups than in the adalimumab group Phase III trials ongoing Treatment PGA Score of 0 (clear) or 1 (almost Clear at 16 Weeks PASI 75 at 16 Weeks Guselkumab 5 mg 34% 44% Guselkumab 15 mg Guselkumab 50 mg Guselkumab 100 mg Guselkumab 200 mg 61% 76% 79% 81% 86% 79% 83% 81% Adalimumab 58% 70% Placebo 7% 5% 80 mg at week 0, 40 mg at week 1 and every other week thereafter. Campa M, et al. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2015 Dec 29.; Gordon KB, et al. NEJM. 2015;373(2):136-144.

Tildrakizumab (MK-3222) Targets IL-23 Phase IIb trial (n = 355) Patients randomized to receive tildrakizumab at a dose of 5, 25, 100, or 200 mg or placebo, subcutaneously at weeks 0, 4, and every 12 weeks thereafter After 16 weeks, the proportion of patients achieving PASI 75 was significantly higher, when compared to placebo, for all doses Low relapse rate after cessation of therapy Phase III trials are ongoing Treatments PASI 75 Tildrakizumab 5 mg 33.3% Tildrakizumab 25 mg 64.4% Tildrakizumab 100 mg 66.3% Tildrakizumab 200 mg 74.4% Placebo 4.4% Campa M, et al. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2015 Dec 29. Brodalumab Targets IL-17 Initially showed very promising results for moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis in phase III trials PASI 75 in 83-86% of patients after 12 weeks (210 mg dose) Phase III trials were halted in May 2015 due to events of suicidal ideation and behavior in the brodalumab program, which likely would necessitate restrictive labeling Importance of context Further development to be determined Campa M, et al. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2015 Dec 29.; Danesh MJ, et al. JAAD. 2016;74(1):190-192. Role of the Specialty Pharmacist Promote adherence Extent to which patients take medications as prescribed by their health care providers Types of adherence Intentional (ie, skipping doses, changing the dose, self-discontinuation) Unintentional (ie, forgetfulness, running out, carelessness) Cramer J, et al. Value Health. 2008;11(1):44 7.; Gadkari A, et al. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12:98 110.

Role of the Specialty Pharmacist Poor adherence rates Up to half of patients do not adhere to treatment Most commonly reported reasons: Lack of efficacy/frustration Forgetting Too busy Regimen too time consuming or inconvenient Richards HL, et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2006;20(4):370-9. Role of the Specialty Pharmacist Memory aids Pill boxes/dose packaging Studies demonstrating impact also utilized educational interventions Motivational interviewing Studies in psoriasis significantly demonstrate: Reductions in disease severity Improvements in psoriasis self-management levels Lee JK, et al. JAMA. 2006;296(21):2563-71.; Larsen MH, et al. Br J Dermatol. 2014;171(6):1458-69. Role of the Specialty Pharmacist Technology Text message interventions in psoriasis Included reminders (3x/week) and educational tools (4x/week) Significant improvements seen in adherence and disease severity Patient access support Higher costs are correlated with lower adherence Copay assistance helps lower patient cost-share Copay cards Foundational assistance Balato N, et al. Br J Dermatol 2013; 168(1):201-205.; Eaddy MT, et al. PT. 2012;37(1):45-55.

Role of the Specialty Pharmacist Injection technique Patients may be new to injectable medications Coach on: Storage Proper injection sites and rotation Injection preparation Injection technique Proper disposal Humira [package insert]. North Chicago, IL: AbbVie Inc; 2015. Role of the Specialty Pharmacist Adverse event counseling Expectation setting Adverse event mitigation strategies Pharmacists often get questions related to injection site reactions and pain Symptoms should go away within a few days Follow up with provider if persistent Review injection technique Infections Follow up with provider; patient may need to interrupt therapy Humira [package insert]. North Chicago, IL: AbbVie Inc; 2015. Role of the Specialty Pharmacist Lifestyle modification Up-to-date vaccinations Healthy diet Avoid smoking, minimize alcohol Patient must know how to care for their skin Hygiene Clothing types Sun exposure Moisturizing Balato N, et al. Br J Dermatol. 2013; 168(1):201-205.

Additional Resources The American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) The National Psoriasis Foundation