BEHL 3011 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010 YOU WILL NEED TO UNDERSTAND WHAT THESE THEORIES SAY AND WHAT THESE TERMS MEAN Week 1 (Introduction) 2 (Pathways models, culture and development) 3 (maternal health, infancy) Terms and theories Tabula rasa (John Locke) Predeterminism (Rousseau) Nature vs nurture Continuity vs discontinuity Normative descriptive approach Freud s psychoanalytic theory Erikson s theory of psychosocial development Piaget s theory of cognitive development Learning theory (Watson and Skinner) Bandura s social cognitive theory observational learning, modelling Ethological theory (Lorenz, Tinbergen) Bronfenbrenner s ecological theory Vygotsky s sociocultural theory Resilience definition, key characteristics, factors, cultural influences, community resilience Bronfenbrenner s ecological theory Proximal processes Microsystem Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem Chronosystem Culture Importance Individual differences Individualism vs collectivism Pathways to disadvantage, pathways to resilience Trajectory Transition points/critical periods Risk factors, protective factors and resources Early intervention Capacity building Teratogenic influences and effects Prescription and non-prescription drugs Foetal alcohol syndrome Stress, cortisol Neurotransmitters Emotional regulation Attachment theory Bowlby s stages of attachment Attachment styles: secure, insecure, ambivalent, avoidant
4 (early childhood) 5 (middle childhood) Strange Situation procedure Primary caregiver Interactionist approach to attachment Maternal deprivation and its effects Learning theory Classical conditioning Operant conditioning positive and negative reinforcement, positive and negative punishment Temperament Negative affective/emotionality Self-regulation/effortful control Positive affective/approach Dynamic systems theory Original sin and bad breeding theories Parenting styles (Baumrind) Authoritarian Authoritative Permissive (indulgent) Neglectful Child abuse Prevalence Physical Emotional Sexual Neglect Witnessing family violence Explanations: psychopathological and sociocultural approaches Myelination Corpus callosum Piaget s theory of cognitive development Schemes Equilibrium and disequilibrium Assimilation and accommodation Sensorimotor stage (birth-2 yrs): circular reactions, object permanence Preoperational stage (2-6 years): symbolic representation, make believe play, egocentrism, animism, centration Concrete operations stage (7-12 years): concrete vs abstract ideas, conservation, reversing mental processes Formal operations stage (12 years plus): hypthetico-deductive reasoning, propositional thought Vygotsky s socio-cultural theory Scaffolding Zone of proximal development Information processing approach to cognitive development Task analysis, flowcharts, computer simulation Attentional development
6 (adolescence) 7 (emerging adulthood) Selective attention Memory Encoding Storage Retrieval Recognition Recall Childhood/infantile amnesia Bullying Direct physical Direct verbal Indirect/relational Cyberbullying Reactive and proactive aggression Workplace bullying Personality Erikson s psychosocial theory of identity development Isolation Intimacy Alienation and dissociation from others Marcia s theory of identity development Identity achievement Moratorium Identity foreclosure Identity diffusion Self-esteem Changes through the lifespan Peer acceptance Likability Categories of peer acceptance Popular children Rejected children Controversial children Neglected children Friendship development in adolescence Rites of passage Features Functions Apprentice adult Emerging adulthood Characteristics Markers of adulthood Neuropsychological evidence executive functions, prefrontal cortex, amygdale (limbic system) Isolation vs loneliness types of loneliness Fragile identity
8 (young adulthood) 9 (middle age) Substance misuse Prevalence, age of onset Marijuana, alcohol, amphetamines, inhalants, prescription drugs Substance misuse and brain development, especially cortex Antecedents (factors in initiation and continuation of misuse) Developmental psychopathology Psychodynamic approach Intrapsychic conflicts Neurotic anxiety Defence mechanisms: sublimation and repression Social cognitive approach Observational learning Social cognition Biological approach Heredity Chemical imbalance Autonomic nervous system defects Impairments in brain structure Schizophrenia Delusions Hallucinations Positive and negative symptoms Diathesis-stress model Marijuana and schizophrenia Eating disorders Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Personality disorders Eccentric personality disorders: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal Dramatic personality disorders: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic Anxious personality disorders: avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive Major depression Beck s cognitive theory negative triad Anxiety disorders Panic disorder, agoraphobia Phobias specific, social phobia Obsessive-compulsive disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder Levinson s theory of life structure development Intimate relationships Readiness to marry Communication Disclosure and disclosure reciprocity Coercive escalation Generativity Stagnation
10 (youngold) 11 (middleold) Care Epigenetic and ontogenetic development Cultural demand Belief in the species Narcissism Grand-generativity Post-formal thought Dualistic thinking Schaie s theory of adult cognition Labouvie-Vief s theory of adult cognition Crystallised and fluid intelligence Cohort effects Expertise Theories of ageing: modernisation theory, disengagement theory, activity and continuity theory Normal, pathological and optimal ageing Positive ageing Latent reserve capacity Elder, elderhood Authentic ageing Young-old, middle-old, old-old Cognitive slowing Executive function Cognitive basics and cognitive domains Metamemory Memory self-efficacy Co-morbidity Delirium Dementia Alzheimer s disease and vascular dementia Pseudodementia Sleep apnoea Hypochondriasis Cirrhosis Elder abuse Age-related cognitive decline Psychohistorical perspective Integrity vs despair Ageing in place 12 (old-old) Bereavement Rites of passage Treatment futility Living will (advanced health care directive) Euthanasia Palliative care Hospice Telephone reassurance program 13 Early intervention