Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A ACC. See Adrenal cortical carcinoma. Acromegaly and the pituitary gland, 551 Acute suppurative thyroiditis, 405, 406 Addison, Thomas and adrenal imaging, 511 ADF. See Advanced dynamic flow. Adrenal cortical carcinoma and adrenal lesions, 514, 515, 525, 526 Adrenal gland imaging principles in mass characterization, 513 521 pathology of, 511 513 Adrenal imaging: from Addison to algorithms, 511 528 Adrenal lesions and adrenal cortical carcinoma, 514, 515, 525, 526 and bladder cancer, 513 and breast cancer, 513, 523, 525 characterization of benign, 512 characterization of malignant, 513 and colon cancer, 517, 520, 523, 524 and differentiating between benign adenomas and metastases, 526 and endometrial cancer, 515 and hemorrhage, 515 and hyperfunctioning cysts, 511, 512, 524, 526 and hypertension, 525 imaging algorithm for, 526 and leukemia, 518 lipid-sensitive imaging of, 516 520 and lung cancer, 515, 519, 521, 522 and lymphoma, 518 macroscopic features of, 513 515 metabolic imaging of, 521 524 and myelolipoma, 514 and pheochromocytoma, 524, 525 and physiologic computed tomographic washout test, 520, 521 and recent imaging developments, 526, 527 and renal stone disease, 516 serial imaging of, 515, 516 Advanced dynamic flow and power Doppler, 395 Radiol Clin N Am 49 (2011) 573 578 doi:10.1016/s0033-8389(11)00042-x 0033-8389/11/$ see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. AITD. See Autoimmune thyroid disease. American Thyroid Association recommendations for assessment of thyroid nodules, 422 Amiodarone-associated thyroid disease, 409, 410 Apoplexy of the pituitary gland, 557 559 Appendix and neuroendocrine tumors, 535 Atrophic thyroiditis, 410 Autoimmune thyroid disease, 391, 394, 396, 399, 410 B Bethesda classification and thyroid cytology, 436, 440, 444 446 Bladder cancer and adrenal lesions, 513 Breast cancer and adrenal lesions, 513, 523, 525 C Carcinoids. See Neuroendocrine tumors. Cavernous sinus pituitary adenoma invasion of, 556 Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, 396 400 and thyroid cytology, 437, 438, 443, 444, 447 CLT. See Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. Colon and neuroendocrine tumors, 535, 536 Colon cancer and adrenal lesions, 517, 520, 523, 524 Computed tomography and hyperparathyroidism, 503 and neuroendocrine tumors, 537, 538 and thyroid carcinoma, 480 483 Cushing syndrome and the pituitary gland, 551 D De Quervain thyroiditis, 402 404 Diagnosis and treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma, 453 462 Differentiated thyroid carcinoma, 453 459, 473 484 Diffuse hyperplasia and thyroid cytology, 436, 437, 443, 444 radiologic.theclinics.com
574 Index Diffuse thyroid disease, 392, 396 411 DTC. See Differentiated thyroid carcinoma. E Echogenic foci and thyroid nodules, 418, 420 Elastography and ultrasound, 395, 396 Endometrial cancer and adrenal lesions, 515 F 18F fluorodeoxyglucose Fine-needle aspiration and procedure operator factors, 440, 441 and thyroid carcinoma, 453 455, 463 466, 469, 473, 476, 478, 479, 483 and thyroid cytology, 435 449 and thyroid nodules, 420 423 and ultrasound elastography, 395, 396 FNA. See Fine-needle aspiration. Follicular adenoma and thyroid cytology, 438, 439, 443 448 Follicular carcinoma and thyroid cytology, 438 440, 443, 444, 446 448 G Gamma camera Gastrinomas and neuroendocrine tumors, 540 542 Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors, 531 536 Goiter multinodular, 435, 436, 443 simple/multinodular, 406 408 Graves disease, 400 402 and thyroid cytology, 436, 437, 443, 444 Grayscale and ultrasound, 394, 395 H Hashimoto s thyroiditis and thyroid cytology, 437, 438, 443, 444, 447 and ultrasonography, 395 400 Hemorrhage and adrenal lesions, 515 Honeycomb pattern in thyroid nodules, 418, 419 Hyperfunctioning cysts and adrenal lesions, 511, 512, 524, 526 Hyperparathyroidism combined imaging for, 501 503 and computed tomography, 503 initial surgery for, 491, 492 and magnetic resonance imaging, 504, 505 and parathyroid hormone, 489, 491 493, 496, 497, 499, 503, 505 pathophysiology of, 491 and single-photon emission computed tomography, 503, 504 and venous sampling, 505 Hypertension and adrenal lesions, 525 Hyperthyroidism and nuclear medicine, 427, 430 Hypoparathyroidism and post-thyroidectomy complications, 468, 469 Hypothyroidism and nuclear medicine, 427, 430 I Imaging of neuroendocrine tumors, 529 548 Imaging of the pituitary, 549 571 Imaging surveillance of differentiated thyroid cancer, 473 487 Inferior petrosal sinus sampling and the pituitary gland, 555 Infundibular lesions and the pituitary gland, 568 570 Insulinomas and neuroendocrine tumors, 539, 540 Iodine 123 Iodine 131 and thyroid carcinoma, 475, 476 and thyroid nuclear medicine, 425, 426 L Laryngeal nerve injury and post-thyroidectomy complications, 468 Leukemia and adrenal lesions, 518 Lipid-sensitive imaging and adrenal lesions, 516 520 Lung cancer and adrenal lesions, 515, 519, 521, 522 Lymph node metastases and thyroid carcinoma, 454, 455 Lymphadenectomy of the central compartment, 466, 467 of the lateral compartment, 467 and thyroid carcinoma, 466, 467 Lymphoma and adrenal lesions, 518 M Magnetic resonance imaging and hyperparathyroidism, 504, 505
Index 575 and neuroendocrine tumors, 538, 539 of the pituitary gland, 552 559 and thyroid carcinoma, 481 483 Metastasis and thyroid carcinoma, 483, 484 Microbubbles and ultrasound, 395 MNG. See Multinodular goiter. Molecular markers and thyroid carcinoma, 454 and thyroid cytology, 447 449 Multinodular goiter and thyroid cytology, 435, 436, 443 Myelolipoma and adrenal lesions, 514 N Neck hematoma and post-thyroidectomy complications, 468 Negative predictive value and ultrasound elastography, 395 NET. See Neuroendocrine tumors. Neuroendocrine tumors of the appendix, 535 of the colon and rectum, 535, 536 and computed tomography, 537, 538 and cross-sectional imaging findings, 537 and gastrinomas, 540 542 gastrointestinal, 531 536 and insulinomas, 539, 540 and magnetic resonance imaging, 538, 539 nonfunctioning pancreatic, 543 and nuclear medicine, 543, 544 and octreoscan, 544 pancreatic, 536 539 and positron emission tomography, 544, 545 in rare locations, 536 of the small intestine, 532 535 and somatostatinomas, 542, 543 of the stomach, 531, 532 thoracic, 530, 531 and ultrasonography, 539 and VIPomas, 543 Nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, 543 NPV. See Negative predictive value. Nuclear medicine and neuroendocrine tumors, 543, 544 O Octreoscan and neuroendocrine tumors, 544 P Painless postpartum thyroiditis, 404, 405 Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, 536 539 Papillary carcinoma and thyroid cytology, 436, 439, 440, 442 448 Parathyroid adenoma, 491 505 Parathyroid carcinoma, 491, 496, 499 Parathyroid gland anatomy and embryology of, 489 491 imaging of, 492, 493 and pitfalls of scintigraphy, 500, 501 reoperation of, 492 and scintigraphy imaging findings, 500 scintigraphy technique for, 499, 500 and sestamibi scintigraphy, 501 ultrasonography of, 493 499 and ultrasound-guided biopsy and ablation, 499 Parathyroid hormone and hyperparathyroidism, 489, 491 493, 496, 497, 499, 503, 505 Parathyroid imaging, 489 509 Pheochromocytoma and adrenal lesions, 524, 525 Pituitary adenomas, 552 and invasion of the cavernous sinus, 556 mimics of, 561 568 postoperative imaging of, 559 570 surgical treatment for, 559 570 Pituitary gland and acromegaly, 551 and adenomas, 552 anatomy of, 549, 550 and apoplexy, 557 559 and Cushing syndrome, 551 and hyperplasia, 561 and hypoplasia, 561 imaging modalities for, 552 559 indications for imaging, 550 552 and inferior petrosal sinus sampling, 555 and infundibular lesions, 568 570 and macroadenomas, 555 557 and magnetic resonance imaging, 552 559 and microadenomas, 552 555 and mimics of adenoma, 561 568 and misinterpretations in imaging, 570 and pituitary hormone deficiency, 551, 552 and prolactinomas, 550, 551 and sella turcica, 549, 561, 562, 564 Pituitary hormone deficiency, 551, 552 Pituitary hyperplasia, 561 Pituitary hypoplasia, 561 Pituitary macroadenomas, 555 557 Pituitary microadenomas, 552 555 Positive predictive value and ultrasound elastography, 395 Positron emission tomography and neuroendocrine tumors, 544, 545 and thyroid carcinoma, 480, 481, 427
576 Index Power Doppler and advanced dynamic flow, 395 and ultrasound, 395 PPT. See Painless postpartum thyroiditis. PPV. See Positive predictive value. Primary hyperparathyroidism, 489 505 Prolactinomas and the pituitary gland, 550, 551 PTH. See Parathyroid hormone. R Radioiodine therapy and thyroid carcinoma, 456, 457 Refractive shadows and thyroid nodules, 421, 422 Reidel thyroiditis, 408, 409 Renal stone disease and adrenal lesions, 516 S Scintigraphy of the parathyroid gland, 499 501 Sella turcica and the pituitary gland, 549, 561, 562, 564 Sestamibi scintigraphy of the parathyroid gland, 501 Single-photon emission computed tomography and hyperparathyroidism, 503, 504, 427 Small intestine and neuroendocrine tumors, 532 535 Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound recommendations for assessment of thyroid nodules, 422 Somatostatinomas and neuroendocrine tumors, 542, 543 Specimen processing and thyroid cytology, 441, 442 SPECT. See Single-photon emission computed tomography. Spongiform pattern in thyroid nodules, 418, 419 Stomach and neuroendocrine tumors, 531, 532 Subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis, 404, 405 T Tc 99m pertechnetate Tg. See Thyroglobulin. Thoracic neuroendocrine tumors, 530, 531 Thyroglobulin and thyroid carcinoma, 455, 458, 459, 475 Thyroid and acute suppurative thyroiditis, 405, 406 and amiodarone-associated thyroid disease, 409, 410 anatomy of, 393 396 and atrophic thyroiditis, 410 and autoimmune thyroid disease, 391, 394, 396, 399, 410 and De Quervain thyroiditis, 402 404 diffuse disease in, 396 411 and Graves disease, 400 402 and Hashimoto s thyroiditis, 396 400 and metastatic disease, 410, 411 and nuclear medicine, 425 433 painless postpartum thyroiditis, 404, 405 and Reidel thyroiditis, 408, 409 and simple/multinodular goiter, 406 408 sonographic technique advances, 394 396 and subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis, 404, 405 and thyroid amyloid, 410 ultrasound scanning technique, 393 396 Thyroid: nuclear medicine update, 425 434 Thyroid amyloid, 410 Thyroid carcinoma and computed tomography, 480 483 diagnosis and treatment of, 453 459 diagnosis of, 454 differentiated, 453 459, 473 484 epidemiology of, 453, 454, 473, 474 and extent of thyroidectomy, 465, 466 and fine-needle aspiration, 453 455, 463 466, 469, 473, 476, 478, 479, 483 and follow-up/surveillance testing, 457 459 imaging surveillance of, 473 484 and indications for surgery, 463 465 initial therapy for, 473, 474 and lymph node metastases, 454, 455 and lymphadenectomy, 466, 467 and magnetic resonance imaging, 481 483 and metastasis, 483, 484 and molecular markers, 454 and nuclear medicine, 427 432 and postsurgical complications, 468, 469 and preoperative evaluation, 454, 455 and radioiodine therapy, 456, 457 and recurrent disease, 469 and risk stratification, 456 staging of, 456, 473, 474 surgery for, 455, 456 and surgical risks, 466 surgical techniques for, 467, 468 surveillance of, 474 483 and thyroglobulin measurement, 455, 458, 459 and thyroid nodules, 417, 418 and thyroid-stimulating hormone, 475 and thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression, 457 treatment of, 454 457
Index 577 Thyroid carcinoma: the surgeon s perspective, 463 471 Thyroid cytology and application of ancillary studies, 447 449 and benign findings, 438 440, 442 447 and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, 437, 438, 443, 444, 447 components of, 436 and diffuse hyperplasia, 436, 437, 443, 444 and fine-needle aspiration procedure operator factors, 440, 441 and follicular adenoma, 438, 439, 443 448 and follicular carcinoma, 438 440, 443, 444, 446 448 and Graves disease, 436, 437, 443, 444 and Hashimoto s thyroiditis, 437, 438, 443, 444, 447 interpreting results of, 442 447 and key components of FNA specimens, 442 and medullary carcinoma, 442 445, 447 and molecular markers, 447 449 and multinodular goiter, 435, 436, 443 and papillary carcinoma, 436, 439, 440, 442 448 and pathogenesis of nodular growth, 435 440 reporting system for, 442 447 and specimen processing, 441, 442 typical diagnoses based on, 443 Thyroid cytology: challenges in the pursuit of low-grade malignancies, 435 451 Thyroid disease and nuclear medicine, 430 432 Thyroid nodules and American Thyroid Association recommendations, 422 characterization of, 418 and clinical history, 422 and coarse echogenic foci, 420 and criteria for biopsy, 422 cystic, 418 cytology of, 435 449 and discrete echogenic foci, 420 and fine-needle aspiration, 420 423 formation and incidence, 417 honeycomb pattern, 418, 419 innumerable tiny, 419 and internal echogenic foci, 418 large cystic, 419 and likely benign patterns, 418 420 markedly hyperechoic, 419, 420 and nuclear medicine, 427, 429, 430 and refractive shadows, 421, 422 size of, 422 and Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound recommendations, 422 and society recommendations, 422, 423 solid homogeneous egg-shaped, 421 solid hypoechoic, 420, 421 spongiform pattern, 418, 419 with thin capsule, 421 and thyroid cancer, 417, 418 and worrisome patterns, 420 422 Thyroid nuclear medicine and 18F fluorodeoxyglucose, 426 and gamma camera, 426 history of, 425 and hybrid imaging, 426, 427 for hyperthyroidism, 427, 430 for hypothyroidism, 427, 430 and imaging protocols, 427 429 instrumentation for, 426, 427 and interpretation of results, 429, 430 and iodine 123, 426 and iodine 131, 425, 426 and new imaging techniques, 432, 433 for nodules, 427, 429, 430 and normal findings, 429 and PET imaging, 426, 427 and radionuclides, 425, 426 and single-photon emission computed tomography, 426, 427 and Tc 99m pertechnetate, 426 for thyroid cancer, 427 432 and thyroid disease treatments, 430 432 and uptake probe, 426 Thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid carcinoma, 456 459, 475 Thyroid ultrasonography. Part 2: nodules, 417 424 Thyroid ultrasound part 1: technique and diffuse disease, 391 416 Thyroidectomy extent of, 465, 466 and laryngeal nerve injury postsurgery, 468 and neck hematoma postsurgery, 468 and permanent hypoparathyroidism postsurgery, 468, 469 and voice changes postsurgery, 469 Thyroiditis acute suppurative, 405, 406 atrophic, 410 chronic lymphocytic, 396 400, 437, 438, 443, 444, 447 De Quervain, 402 404 Hashimoto s, 396 400, 437, 438, 443, 444, 447 painless postpartum, 404, 405 Reidel, 408, 409 subacute lymphocytic, 404, 405 TSH. See Thyroid-stimulating hormone. U Ultrasonography and color and power Doppler, 395 and elastography, 395, 396 and grayscale, 394, 395
578 Index Ultrasonography (continued) and microbubbles, 395 and neuroendocrine tumors, 539 of the parathyroid gland, 493 499 technique advances in, 394 396 and thyroid carcinoma, 476 480 Ultrasound elastography, 395, 396 USE. See Ultrasound elastography. V Venous sampling and hyperparathyroidism, 505 VIPomas and neuroendocrine tumors, 543 Voice changes and post-thyroidectomy complications, 469 W Washout tests and adrenal lesions, 520, 521 WBS. See Whole body scintigraphy. Whole body scintigraphy and thyroid carcinoma, 475, 476