Pathophysiology JP Advis DVM, Ph.D. Bartlett Hall, Animal Sciences, Cook, 932-9240, advis@aesop.rutgers.edu 08 Course website: rci.rutgers.edu/~advis Lectures, tests, grades, office hours, textbook, Material to be covered: About lecture slides: Lectures 1-2: Introduction to Pathophysiology (2) Lectures 3-4: Mechanisms of Self-Defense and Stress (2) Lectures 5-8: Endocrine and Nervous System Dysfunctions (4) Lecture 9: Alterations of Skeletal Muscle Function (1) REVIEW AND TEST #1 Lectures 12-18: Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Renal Dysfunctions (7) REVIEW AND TEST #2 Lectures 21-24: Alterations of Digestive Function and Intermediary Metabolism (4) Lectures 25-26: Alterations of the Reproductive System (2) REVIEW AND TEST #3 There are not intended to be the sole source for studying the course material!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Slides are good to review the course material after you have study your course textbook Slides are a good indicator of the relative importance of lecture topics (see slide # per topic Group slides by titles when using them to review course material. Match lectures and text. Alterations of Neurologic Function Traumatic head injuries include contusion, laceration, and hematoma (extradural, subdural, intracerebral). Diffuse brain (axonal) injury results from effects of head rotation. Spinal cord injury may cause cessation of motor / sensory reflex and autonomic function below any transected area. Degenerative disk disease is an alteration of intervertebral disk tissue. (stroke), the most frequent neurologic disorder, include hypoperfusion, ischemia, and hemorrhage. Intracraneal aneurysms result from defects in the vascular wall. and meningitis have multiple etiologies (bacteria, virus, fungi, and others). Brain abcesses usually originates from infections outside the CNS. Encephalitis, acute febrile state, is usually caused by arthropode-borne virus and herpes simplex virus. include disorders of roots of spinal cord nerves or distal to the roots (cause pain, paresthesis, paralysis). The Guillian- Barre syndrome is a degenerative disorder caused by an immunologic reaction to peripheral nerves. Summary examples of alterations of neurologic function Page 1
Coup and countercoup head injury after blunt trauma, acute subdural hematoma (dura removed), recent hematoma resulting from trauma in the frontal lobe Coup and countercoup head injury after blunt trauma, acute subdural hematoma (dura removed), recent hematoma resulting from trauma in the frontal lobe Page 2
Injuries of the spine: hyperextension, flexion, axial compression, and flexion-rotation injuries. Injuries of the spine: hyperextension, flexion, axial compression, and flexion-rotation injuries. Page 3
Autonomic hyperreflexia pathway: normal response. Autonomic hyperreflexia pathway: normal response. Page 4
Autonomic disreflexia pathway: SA, sino-atrial response. Autonomic disreflexia pathway: SA, sino-atrial response. Page 5
Herniated nucleus pulposus. Neurologic Alterations Ischcemic stroke: occurs when a blood clot blocks an artery disrupting flow to the brain Hemorrhagic stroke: occurs when a blood vessel in the brain bursts and damage nearby tissue (stroke), the most frequent neurologic disorder, include hypoperfusion, ischemia, and hemorrhage. Intracraneal aneurysms result from defects in the vascular wall. Page 6
Bacterial infection Meningitis Bacteria and virus are the most common cause of brain infection. Bacterial meningitis is a serious disease that may result in death. Viral infections are 2-3 times more common but produce milder symptoms. Neurologic Alterations Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which the fatty myelin sheets around brain and spinal cord axons are damaged. Page 7
Exposed nerve Damaged myelin Normal nerve Amyotrophic is a disease of the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that control voluntary muscle movement. It is also known as Lou Gehrig s disease. Your fifth case study SUMMARY: A 3-year-old male dachshund is brought to a clinic. His history of vaccination is current and has no past medical or surgery illnesses. Throughout the next day the dog was progressively weak in the hind legs. On examination abnormalities were limited to the nervous system. The dog was bright, alert, responsible and able to bear weight normally in the front legs, but weak, unsteady on the hind legs. No atrophy was seen. All cranial nerve reflexes where normal, as well as proprioceptive positioning reactions for the front but not the hind legs. Results of a complete blood cell count and serum chemistry analysis were within normal limits. TENTATIVE DIAGNOSIS: LAB TESTS: FINAL DIAGNOSIS: TREATMENT: A 3 year old male dachshund with pain and weak hind legs. Page 8