http://www.lef.org/ Life Extension Magazine August 2009 Is Homocysteine Making You Sick? A New Bioactive Form of Folic Acid Can Lower Stubbornly High Homocysteine Levels When Ordinary B- Vitamins Fail By Robert Haas, MS Many people suffering from cardiovascular disease, stroke, migraines, and dementia could be suffering from the adverse effects of elevated levels of homocysteine in their blood. This condition has also been linked to other problems, including osteoporosis, birth defects, macular degeneration, and certain types of cancer. 1 In most cases, doctors will not consider testing for homocysteine and could therefore be treating their patients without success. Most health-conscious people know their cholesterol level but few know their equally important homocysteine number. In this article, you ll learn about a new non-prescription form of folic acid called bioactive folate (5- methyltetrahydrofolate, or 5-MTHF) and discover how it can prevent the homocysteine-related conditions that disable and kill many Americans. WHY DOCTORS DON T CHECK HOMOCYSTEINE Many mainstream doctors still accept classic lipid-related risk factors for heart attack and stroke (e.g., high LDL and triglycerides and low HDL) as the gold standard upon which to base treatment. They continue to ignore the fact that in many cases, high blood levels of homocysteine also predict risk of vascular disease and stroke, especially in the elderly. 2 Dr. Kilmer McCully first described the connection between homocysteine and atherosclerosis in 1969. 3 His theory met with a rocky reception among members of the Harvard University Medical School faculty where he taught and conducted research. McCully s revolutionary theory cast doubt on the widely accepted lipid theory of heart disease favored by his peers. Mainstream doctors in the 1970s ignored McCully s groundbreaking research just as many continue to do today. LDL levels (particularly elevated levels of oxidized LDL) remain an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, yet more than half of all heart attack victims have blood cholesterol levels in the normal range. The pharmaceutical industry encourages doctors to prescribe highly profitable lipid-lowering drugs to prevent heart attack or stroke in their at-risk patients; there s simply no monetary incentive for selling non-patentable dietary supplements that perform as well as prescription drugs in lowering homocysteine levels. There s also little chance that drug sales reps will tell doctors that a bioactive form of folic acid called 5-MTHF (5-methyltetrahydrofolate) is now available as a non-prescription dietary supplement. Many physicians remain unaware that elevated homocysteine levels can lead to depression, 4 osteo-porosis, 5,6 headaches, 7 and macular degeneration. 8,9 Yet these and other health problems may be alleviated by lowering homocysteine blood levels. HOMOCYSTEINE, STROKE, AND FOLATE Stroke is the third largest cause of death in the US, ranking behind cardiovascular disease and all forms of cancer. 25 In 1998, the US and Canadian governments introduced a policy of folic acid fortification of enriched grain products. 26 In 2006,
researchers evaluated trends in stroke-related mortality before and after mandatory folic acid fortification in both countries and, as a comparison, during the same period in England and Wales, where fortification was not required. 27 They found that average blood folate concentrations increased and homocysteine concentrations decreased in the United States after fortification. In addition, between 1998 and 2002, there was an accelerated decline in stroke mortality in the US with 12,900 fewer stroke deaths per year compared with the established trend seen between 1990 and 1997. Similar data were also seen in Canada, where there were 2,800 fewer stroke deaths per year between 1998 and 2002, while the decline in stroke mortality in England and Wales did not change significantly during this time period. Researchers concluded that folic acid supplementation could effectively reduce the risk of stroke in primary prevention. The findings add to the growing body of evidence that supports the theory that folic acid effectively reduces stroke death by reducing homocysteine levels in the blood. HOMOCYSTEINE, ALZHEIMER S DISEASE, AND ACTIVE FOLATE Up to half of all Americans may carry a genetic variation that prevents the body, including the brain, from optimally using folic acid. 23 Scientists believe that this genetic polymorphism may be linked with an increased risk of dementia. 28 Fortunately, a nonprescription form of bioactive folate, 5-MTHF, can cross the blood-brain barrier and effectively reduce homocysteine. Elevated homocysteine has been linked with cognitive decline and Alzheimer s disease. 1,24,29 A 2002 study published in the New England Journal of Medicine reported that people with high blood levels of homocysteine had a greater risk of developing Alzheimer s disease. 30 Dementia developed in 111 study participants, of whom 83 were diagnosed with Alzheimer s disease over an eight-year follow up. In those with a plasma homocysteine level greater than 14 µmol/l, the risk of Alzheimer s disease nearly doubled. Investigators concluded, An increased plasma homocysteine level is a strong, independent risk factor for the development of dementia and Alzheimer s disease. ACTIVE FOLATE: RELIEF FOR MIGRAINE SUFFERERS Migraine is a debilitating inflammatory blood vessel disease that may be triggered by damage inflicted by elevated blood levels of homocysteine to the endothelium of blood vessels in the brain. 31 A recent study showed that treatment with B-complex vitamins, including 5-MTHF, might provide relief for migraine sufferers including those with the MTHFR C677T genotype, which typically limits the clinical effectiveness of supplemental folic acid. 7 Headache frequency and pain severity were also reduced. The treatment effect proved successful in reducing homocysteine levels and migraine disability in study participants with the MTHFR C677T genotype. 7 Researchers have long suspected that migraine headaches have a genetic component, because migraine sufferers often have family members who also have the condition. Studies suggest that MTHFR polymorphisms may account for the genetic predisposition to migraine in some individuals. 32 HOMOCYSTEINE S ROLE IN MACULAR DEGENERATION Studies of homocysteine s role in age-related macular degeneration (both wet and dry types) reveal a strong link between the amino acid and the disease. In a group of 2,335 study participants who had evidence of age-related macular degeneration as detected from retinal photographs, researchers found that homocysteine blood levels greater than 15 µmol/l were associated with a more than threefold increased likelihood of age-related macular degeneration in participants under age 75 years. They found a similar association for low vitamin B12 (under 125 pmol/l) among all study participants. Even in those with homocysteine under 15 µmol/l, low serum B12 was associated with nearly four-fold higher odds of age-related macular degeneration. 8 WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW: A BIOACTIVE FORM OF FOLIC ACID
Elevated levels of homocysteine in the blood have been linked with a wide range of health disorders including heart disease, stroke, macular degeneration, migraine, dementia, cancer, and osteoporosis. Numerous factors such as prescription drug use, smoking, alcohol, advancing age, and obesity contribute to elevated homocysteine levels. B vitamins such as folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 help the body maintain homocysteine levels within a healthy range. Up to half of Americans carry a genetic variation that is linked with elevated homocysteine levels. This genetic variation impairs the ability to metabolize synthetic folic acid to its active form. The active form of folic acid, called 5-methyltetrahydrofolate or 5-MTHF, is now available as a dietary supplement. 5-MTHF elevates plasma folate levels 700% better than synthetic folic acid while effectively lowering homocysteine levels. Together with other complementary nutrients like vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and betaine, 5-MTHF promises advanced protection against homocysteine-related disorders. In a larger and more recent study, Harvard researchers enrolled 5,442 women who were at high risk for cardiovascular disease. The women were given a placebo or 2,500 mcg folic acid, 50 mg vitamin B6, and 1,000 mcg vitamin B12. After seven years of treatment and follow-up, researchers recorded 55 cases of macular degeneration in the B vitamin treatment group and 82 in the placebo group. Investigators concluded that in women at high risk of cardiovascular disease, daily long-term supplementation with folic acid, B6, and B12 significantly reduced the risk of age-related macular degeneration. 9 FOLATE, VITAMIN B12, AND BIRTH DISORDERS Published data provide strong evidence that folate deficiency during the periconceptional period can lead to widespread alterations to DNA methylation in offspring, leading to disfigurement in childhood (Figure 2 bottom left). 33 DNA methylation is the key to the maintenance of gene silencing, a process that relies on a dietary supply of methyl groups, as provided by B vitamins. Up to one-third of all pregnant and lactating women in the US may not be meeting their requirements for folate, despite mandatory folic acid-fortification of grain products. 34 A long-term study demonstrated that women must begin supplementing with folate at least a year prior to conception, which practically speaking is only possible if women take supplements on a long-term daily basis. Women who took folic acid supplements for at least one year prior to conception experienced a 70% lower risk of premature delivery between the 20th and 28th week of gestation and a 50% decrease between the 28th and 32nd week compared with women who did not take folic acid supplements. 35 Numerous other studies confirm that folic acid supplementation reduces the risk of neural tube defects and cleft lip and palate. 36,37 Additional research reveals that supplementing with vitamin B12 may also reduce the risk up to five times of having a child with a neural tube defect, such as spina bifida. 38 WHAT IS A HEALTHY HOMOCYSTEINE NUMBER? The body produces homocysteine from the essential amino acid methionine during numerous metabolic processes. To prevent the build-up of potentially toxic levels of homocysteine, the cells use active folate, known as 5-MTHF or 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, in concert with vitamins B6 and B12, to convert homocysteine to other biologically useful compounds (see Figure 1 below). Most clinical testing laboratories consider a homocysteine value of less than 11.0 micromoles per liter (µmol/l) as healthy; some allow slightly higher values as normal. The Life Extension Foundation and other experts believe that this upper limit of normal is far too high for optimal health. Studies indicate that people with homocysteine values greater than 8.5 µmol/l are at increased risk of atherosclerosis, 10 heart attack, 11 and stroke. 12 Homocysteine levels in the blood can increase due to age, 13 prescription drug use, 14 declining kidney function, 15 smoking, 16 alcohol, 17 coffee, 18 obesity, 19 declining levels of physical activity, 20 and inheriting a genetic mutation known as MTHFR C677T. 21
Click Here For Figure 1 The MTHFR C677T gene variant is the single most important genetic determinant of blood homocysteine values in the general population. As many as half of all Americans inherit at least one copy of this gene variant or polymorphism, which impairs their ability to fully activate (methylate) folic acid to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, the bioactive form of the B vitamin. 22 Individuals who inherit this gene variant from both parents have a significantly higher (14-21%) risk of heart disease than those who do not. 21 Click Here For Figure 2 For this affected group, taking the bioactive folate supplement, 5-MTHF, may be just what the doctor ordered a clinically tested and superior alternative to regular folic acid. 5-MTHF is seven times more bioavailable, 23 can cross the blood-brain-barrier, 24 and is unlikely to mask a vitamin B12 deficiency as folic acid can do. 1 For the first time, those who carry this gene variant can safely reduce their risk of homocysteine-related health problems using an inexpensive, nonprescription folate supplement. One way of finding out if you carry this gene variant is if your homocysteine level remains stubbornly elevated despite taking high doses of folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6. Life Extension Magazine August 2009 Is Homocysteine Making You Sick? A New Bioactive Form of Folic Acid Can Lower Stubbornly High Homocysteine Levels When Ordinary B- Vitamins Fail By Robert Haas, MS HOMOCYSTEINE IS A RISK FACTOR FOR CANCER Emerging research suggests that elevated levels of homocysteine may be a risk factor for cancer. 39 A number of studies suggest that folate, through its effect on regulating DNA methylation and reducing homocysteine levels, may prevent cancers of the breast, bladder, lung, lymph, and colorectum. 40-44 Conflicting evidence with respect to prostate cancer 45 raises questions about the efficacy of folate for prostate cancer prevention. Some experts believe that when it comes to taking folate supplements, timing is everything. For example, some have proposed that folate may be beneficial when taken prior to old age because it decreases the likelihood of DNA mutations. WHY ORDINARY B VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS MAY NOT LOWER HOMOCYSTEINE Many people who take B vitamin supplements are unable to sufficiently lower their homocysteine levels low enough to prevent disease. 46 One possible reason is that folic acid, the form of the vitamin used in most supplements and enriched foods, is not bioavailable enough to sufficiently increase plasma folate levels in people with certain health problems or genotypes. Researchers recently found that giving bioactive 5-MTHF to patients with coronary artery disease resulted in a 700% higher plasma folate concentration compared with folic acid. This difference was irrespective of the patient s genotype. 23 Compared with bioactive 5-MTHF, folic acid supplements were relatively ineffective in increasing blood folate concentrations. Cooking and food processing destroy natural folates. Although red blood cells can retain folate for 40-50 days following discontinuation of supplementation, folic acid is poorly transported to the brain and is rapidly cleared from the central nervous system. 1 Even though folic acid-fortified foods are ubiquitous in our food supply, and despite peoples best efforts to ensure adequate intake of the vitamin through supplementation, many individuals run the risk of not achieving sufficient plasma folate levels unless they supplement with bioactive folate. BIOACTIVE FOLATE: A NEW SUPPLEMENT EFFECTIVE AT LOWERING HOMOCYSTEINE
Bioactive folate, or 5-MTHF, is the predominant biologically active form of folate in cells, the blood, peripheral tissues, and particularly the brain. 1 Until recently, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate was available only in expensive prescription medicines and medicinal food products. Now, this active form of folate, which provides increased bioavailability together with protection against homocysteine-related health problems, is available as a dietary supplement. Since 5-MTHF is the only form of folate used directly by the body, it doesn t have to be converted and metabolized to be clinically useful, as does regular folic acid. 1 Folic acid, as used in ordinary dietary supplements and vitamin-fortified foods, must first be converted to bioactive 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in order to be clinically effective (Figure 3 to the Right). These steps require several enzymes, adequate liver and gastrointestinal function, and sufficient supplies of niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6), riboflavin (B2), vitamin C, and zinc. 1 Another advantage of 5-MTHF is that it is unlikely to mask a vitamin B12 deficiency, a shortcoming of folic acid. Folic acid, when administered as a single agent, may obscure the detection of vitamin B12 deficiency (specifically, folic acid may reverse the hematological manifestations of B12 deficiency, while not addressing the neurological manifestations). Research has shown that bioactive 5-MTHF (5-methyltetrahydrofolate) is less likely than folic acid to mask vitamin B12 deficiency. 1 Please Click Here for Figure 3 WHO WOULD BENEFIT FROM TAKING 5-MTHF SUPPLEMENTS? The low-dose requirements for 5-MTHF make it a relatively inexpensive supplement with superior clinical benefits over folic acid. People who would benefit from taking active folate include: Those who desire to take advantage of 5-MTHF as a part of their anti-aging strategy due to its potency, low cost, and bioavailability. Those with elevated risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Those taking drugs known to interfere with the absorption or metabolism of folate (See sidebar below: Drugs That Raise Homocysteine Levels. ) People with the gene variant MTHFR C677T. Those who have stubbornly high homocysteine levels despite taking B-complex vitamins. Individuals with the MTHFR C677T mutation are at higher risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure in pregnancy), and birth defects that occur during the development of the brain and spinal cord (neural tube defects). DRUGS THAT RAISE HOMOCYSTEINE LEVELS In addition to protein in the diet, a number of prescription drugs and natural compounds can elevate blood levels of homocysteine by interfering with folate absorption or metabolism of homocysteine. These include: 1,50,51 Azaribine Caffeine Cholestyramine Colestipol Colchicine Fenofibrate Levadopa Metformin Methotrexate Niacin Nitrous oxide Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Pemetrexed Phenytoin Pyrimethamine Sulfasalazine
HOW MUCH 5-MTHF DO YOU NEED? A daily dose of 800-1,000 mcg (0.8 to 1.0 mg) bio-active folate is typically used in research studies to achieve clinically beneficial reduction in elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations. Even doses of 200-400 mcg (0.2 to 0.4 mg) have been shown to achieve this effect. 47 A number of drugs and medical food products on the market contain very high amounts (5,000 mcg or 5 mg) of 5-MTHF. Unless specifically prescribed by a physician, food and drug products that contain such high doses are probably not required to normalize homocysteine levels in most people with mild-to-moderate elevations. ANCILLARY SUPPLEMENTS FOR USE WITH 5-MTHF Individuals who wish to bring their elevated blood levels of homocysteine into the ideal range (under 8.0 µmol/l) may want to adopt a folate-boosting supplement protocol in addition to using bioactive folate 5-MTHF. This requires taking several supplements that work in concert to effectively reduce homocysteine and risk of disease. The following supplements can provide additional support: 1 Riboflavin (vitamin B2): Plasma riboflavin has been shown to independently influence plasma homocysteine levels. 48 Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) helps reduce homocysteine levels by catalyzing the conversion of homocysteine to cysteine, which is then converted to the free-radical scavenger, glutathione (Figure 1 on Page 1). Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is required by the body to convert homocysteine to the amino acid, methionine, through the process of methylation (Figure 1 on Page 1). A study of betaine (trimethylglycine) supplementation showed that a daily supplement of 6 grams betaine for 12 weeks reduced blood homocysteine values in healthy subjects. 49 CONCLUSION Elevated levels of homocysteine have been linked with a diverse spectrum of health disorders ranging from cardiovascular disease, stroke, and cancer to migraine, dementia, and macular degeneration. Most conventional physicians fail to detect and treat elevated levels of homocysteine in the blood. Folate is an essential nutrient for maintaining healthy homocysteine levels, yet up to half of Americans have a genetic inability to properly metabolize regular folic acid to its active form. Fortunately, the active form of folate is now available as a dietary supplement called 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, or 5-MTHF. By increasing blood folate levels 700% more effectively than ordinary folic acid, 5-MTHF offers advanced protection against the homocysteine-related disorders that threaten to compromise our longevity and well-being. If you have any questions on the scientific content of this article, please call a Life Extension Health Advisor at 1-800-226-2370. References 1. Altern Med Rev. 2006 Dec;11(4):330-7. 2. Circulation. 2004 Jun 8;109(22):2766-72. 3. Am J Pathol. 1969 Jul;56(1):111-28. 4. Altern Med Rev. 2008 Sep;13(3):216-26. 5. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Apr;94(4):1207-13. 6. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2007 Sep;5(3):112-9. 7. Pharmacogenet Gernomics. 2009 Jun;19(6):422-8. 8. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007 Feb;143(2):344-46. 9. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Feb 23;169(4):335-41.
10. JAMA. 2002 Oct 23;288(16):2015-22. 11. Cardiology. 2007;107(1):52-6. 12. Curr Med Chem. 2007;14(3):249-63. 13. Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Oct 1;162(7):644-53. 14. Br J Dermatol. 2009 Mar;160(3):622-8. 15. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008 Feb;23(2):645-53. 16. Diabetes Care. 2000 Apr;23(4):524-8. 17. Alcohol. 2005 Oct;37(2):73-7. 18. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2005 Nov;84(11):1049-54. 19. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2007 Sep;23(9):505-10. 20. JAMA. 1995 Nov 15;274(19):1526-33. 21. Proc Nutr Soc. 2008 May;67(2):232-7. 22. www.lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/fa/. 23. Br J Pharmacol. 2004 Mar;141(5):825-30. 24. Br Med Bull. 1999;55(3):669-82. 25. JAMA. 2006 Jan 25;295(4):383. 26. Nutr Health. 1998;12(3):147-61. 27. Circulation. 2006 Mar 14;113(10):1335-43. 28. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000 Aug;20(8):1921-5. 29. Mech Ageing Dev. 2001 Nov;122(16):2013-23. 30. N Engl J Med. 2002 Feb 14;346(7):476-83. 31. Atherosclerosis. 2008 Nov 1. 32. Cephalalgia. 2006 Jun;26(6):731-7. 33. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2007 Dec;29(12):1003-26. 34. J Nutr. 2006 Nov;136(11):2820-6. 35. PLoS Med. 2009 May 5;6(5):e1000061. 36. JAMA. 1989 Nov 24;262(20):2847-52. 37. BMJ. 2007 Mar 3;334(7591):464. 38. Pediatrics. 2009 Mar;123(3):917-23. 39. Clin Chim Acta. 2002 Aug;322(1-2):21-8.
40. Epidemiology. 2001 Jul;12(4):420-8. 41. Lancet Oncol. 2008 Apr;9(4):359-66. 42. Carcinogenesis. 2007 Aug;28(8):1718-25. 43. Am J Epidemiol. 2008 Feb 1;167(3):287-94. 44. Ann Ital Chir. 2008 Jul;79(4):261-7. 45. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009 Mar 18;101(6):432-5. 46. Lancet Neurol. 2004 Aug;3(8):493-5. 47. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2006 Mar;8(2):100-6. 48. Clin Chem. 2000 Aug;46(8 Pt 1):1065-71. 49. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Nov;76(5):961-7. 50. Drugs. 2002;62(4):605-16. 51. Herb, Nutrient, and Drug Interactions: Clinical Implications and Therapeutic Strategies. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier;2008:186-234. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. The information provided on this site is for informational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for advice from your physician or other health care professional or any information contained on or in any product label or packaging. You should not use the information on this site for diagnosis or treatment of any health problem or for prescription of any medication or other treatment. You should consult with a healthcare professional before starting any diet, exercise or supplementation program, before taking any medication, or if you have or suspect you might have a health problem. You should not stop taking any medication without first consulting your physician. All Contents Copyright 1995-2012 Life Extension All rights reserved.