PROTEIN SYNTHESIS It is known today that GENES direct the production of the proteins that determine the phonotypical characteristics of organisms.» GENES = a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that performs a specific function such as coding for a particular protein
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS The CENTRAL DOGMA of molecular genetics is the sequence whereby DNA is transcribed into a complementary RNA message that is capable of leaving the nucleus and delivering it to the ribosomes. The ribosomes then translate the message into polypeptide chains which are processed into proteins. DNA transcription mrna translation polypeptide chain protein
CENTRAL DOGMA Transcription = occurs in the nucleus involves the copying of the information in DNA into messenger RNA (mrna). Translation = occurs in the cytoplasm involves ribosomes using the mrna as a blueprint to synthesize a protein composed of amino acids.
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA) RNA differs from DNA in many ways:» RNA contains a ribose sugar rather than a deoxyribose sugar» Instead of thymine, RNA contains the base URACIL» RNA is single stranded (whereas DNA is double) When a gene is transcribed into mrna, only a single-stranded complementary copy is made. In this copy, uracil is substituted for thymine.
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA) There are 3 major classes of RNA molecules:» messenger RNA (mrna) the end product of transcription of a gene, mrna is translated by ribosomes into protein» transfer RNA (trna) a form of RNA that is responsible for delivering amino acids to the ribosomes during the process of translation» ribosomal RNA (rrna) a form of RNA that binds with ribosomal protein to form ribosomes *see table on pg. 239*
GENETIC CODE There are 20 amino acids found in proteins and only 4 different bases in mrna. To code for all 20 amino acids, a sequence of 3 nucleotides must be used for each amino acid. Each triplet of nucleotides is called a CODON
GENETIC CODE More than one codon can code for the same amino acid. This redundancy helps to minimize possible mutations. START CODON = AUG signals that translation commences at that point. STOP CODON = UGA, UAA, UAG signals that translation terminates at that point. This leads to a total of 64 codons which can code for any of the 20 amino acids.
TRANSCRIPTION Transcription occurs in the nucleus and is the process whereby DNA is transcribed into mrna. This process occurs in 3 main phases:» INITIATION» ELONGATION» TERMINATION
TRANSCRIPTION http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=ztpkv7wc3yu
TRANSLATION once transcribed, mrna then exits the nucleus! once it enters the cytoplasm, it is ready to be translated» by RIBOSOMES!!!!!!! Ribosomes bind to the mrna at the 5`cap this signals the initiation of translation!
TRANSLATION In translation, the ribosome moves along the mrna in the 5`-to-3`direction adding a new amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain every time it reads a new codon.
READING FRAME The phase in which mrna is read, in triplets of nucleotides is known as the READING FRAME.» the reading frame can differ depending on the base pair that the ribosome starts reading
Role of trna Ribosomes alone do not synthesize the protein. trna is needed to deliver the appropriate amino acid to the polypeptide building site. trna is a single stranded nucleic acid whose structure resembles that of a clover leaf.
Role of trna ANTICODON = group of 3 complementary bases on trna that recognizes and pairs with a codon on the mrna. Every specific trna carries only one specific amino acid. Since there are 20 different amino acids and there are 64 different codons, there are between 20 and 64 possible trna molecules!!!!
TRANSLATION http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njxobgkpeao http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=b6o6urb1d38&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=d5vh4q_taky&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bledd- PSTQ&feature=related
MUTATIONS http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=kp0esiddr-c http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=vnwwsl55gum&feature=related