Urinary System Part of the Excretory System

Urinary System Part of the Excretory System

Bellwork **only write the term and underlined definition INCONTINENCE involuntary urination, often seem in older persons, or due to illness and disease ENURESIS bedwetting, normal process in children under the age of 6-8 GLYCOSURIA sugar in urine, seen in DM, seriously ill individuals with metabolic diseases or conditions NOCTURIA frequent urination at night, frequently a symptom of men with an enlarged prostate POLYURIA large amounts of urine, symptom of DM, or ADH functioning PYURIA pus in urine, due to infection in the urine, or other part of urinary system ANURIA no urine produced, acute and end stage kidney disease HEMATURIA blood in urine, seen in disease or injury to kidney DIURETIC drug or substance to increase urine production Make sure the standards are in your notes as well. #10 is a new one.

Standards 11) Outline the gross normal structure and function of all body systems and summarize appropriate medical texts in order to relate sign and symptoms of common diseases and disorders associated with each. (the urinary system) 12) Relate a therapeutic procedure or treatment to a specific body system. Create a digital or written artifact explaining anatomy involved with the treatment, reason for treatment, health care professionals assisting or performing treatment and patient education, including precautions that should occur prior to the treatment or procedure. 10) Demonstrate an understanding of basic medical terminology in order to monitor patient/client status through: e. Specimen Collection (Urinalysis and Fecal Occult)

Objectives Label the structures and functions of the urinary system Identify and discuss possible diseases and disorders of the urinary system including treatment options (Be ready to draw and label in your notes!!)

Draw the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Which kidney sits higher than the other? Why is this?

The Function of the Kidneys Both the prefix nephro or the term renal refer to the kidney. remove waste products from the body remove drugs from the body balance the body's fluids release hormones that regulate blood pressure produce an active form of vitamin D that promotes strong, healthy bones control the production of red blood cells

The Structure of the Kidneys CORTEX Outer area of the kidney Where blood is filtered Composed of millions of microscopic functional units called nephrons, where urine is made. MEDULLA Middle layer, striated Striated triangle shaped areas, RENAL PYRAMIDS contains the collecting tubules Base of each pyramid faces cortex While apex empties into cuplike cavities called calyces of the renal pelvis RENAL PELVIS - Inner most area - Funnel shaped structure at the beginning of each ureter - Major Calyces divide into minor calyces - Minor Calyces are cup shaped areas around the tip of each pyramid to collect urine from the collecting tubules.

The location of the kidneys. The kidneys are located retroperitoneal, or between peritoneum and the back muscles. The peritoneum is a visceral covering of the rest of the abdominal organs.

How many kidneys do we need to live? Can a person have more than two kidneys?

The Ureters (These are about 10-12 inches long) One from each kidney Can a person have more than two ureters? Connect the kidneys to the bladder, carry urine from kidney to bladder Smooth muscle tube with mucous membrane lining Peristalsis pushes urine down ureters Where else have we seen peristalsis?

The Bladder Hollow, elastic muscular organ, capable of great expansion, elastic fibers and involuntary muscle Located the pelvic cavity Stores and aids in the elimination of urine usually about 500cc Emptying urine (voiding) is involuntary but controlled through nervous system (voluntary)

The Urethra The urethra is a tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. Its wall is lined with mucous membranes and contains a relatively thick layer of smooth muscle tissue. Female urethra: 4 cm; functions only as urinary canal Male urethra: 20cm; functions both as a urinary canal and a passageway for sperm cells.

Adrenal Glands: (add these to your diagram) Share Out. What body system are the adrenal glands a part of? What is their function? What does adrenal mean?

Urinalysis The average output = 1500 ml/day URINALYSIS examination of urine to determine presence of blood cells, bacteria, acidity level, specific gravity (measure of density) and physical characteristics (color, clarity and odor) What are examples of a time a urinalysis might be ordered?

Think.Pair.Share. On your own: Research the possible characteristics of urine specimens including: COLOR, CLARITY, and ODOR. What would each possibly be a sign/symptom of? With your small group: Compare what you have found. Share with the class.

Urinalysis Food, drugs, dehydration, infection, bleeding, and organ dysfunction are a few reasons for any abnormal readings. *Make sure you know a few of these reasons!

Bilirubin-What does it mean? Bilirubin-pigment made during the breakdown of red blood cells. Usually liver or gall bladder related. Newborns-usually not processing RBC correctly.

Other chemicals found in urine. Food, dehydration, and drugs can also affect these tests. Usually, further tests are done to confirm any questionable results. PKU is an amino acid deficiency that can cause mental or physical disabilities. Tested as infants.

Chronic Renal Failure Gradual loss of nephron function lasting three months or more What does the nephron do? Risk factors diabetes, hypertension, age, obesity, ethnicity Treatment for hypertension, cholesterol, diet, fluid on heart and lungs, itching As the disease progresses dialysis or kidney transplant may be required https://www.kidney.org/news/kidneycare/winter10/alcoholaffects Click on the link, and share out with the class what affect alcohol has on the kidneys. How does smoking make this worse?

Dialysis-Watch Video (3 min) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkly2ski_dk Dialysis artificially removes waste products and extra fluid from your blood when your kidneys can no longer do this. Hemodialysis- A machine filters wastes, salts and fluid from your blood when your kidneys are no longer healthy enough to do this work adequately. Hemodialysis requires you to follow a strict treatment schedule, take medications regularly and, usually, make changes in your diet. Peritoneal dialysis-during peritoneal dialysis, blood vessels in your abdominal lining (peritoneum) fill in for your kidneys, with the help of a fluid (dialysate) that flows into and out of the peritoneal space. (Video)

Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones) Made of crystals of calcium phosphate and uric acid Gradually they get larger until they block ureters First symptom severe pain followed by, chills, fever, hematuria, and nausea and vomiting What is hematuria? Diagnosis by symptoms, ultrasound, or x-ray Treatment ---increase fluids to flush out stone, medications, and if needed LITHOTRIPSY Surgical procedure to remove kidney stones Shock waves hit dense stones and break them up Done on outpatient basis

Removed kidney with stones What has the process of passing a kidney stone been compared to?

Special Procedures for the Urinary System Nephrostomy tube placement The size of this tube varies due to patient body habitus and size of kidney. This is used to empty urine from kidney. Ureteral stent placement The physicians must measure the ureter for accurate size and placement of the stent. The is used to by-pass constricted ureters or kidney stones so that urine can pass from the kidney to the bladder. These can be totally internal or internal/external. These can be placed by an Interventional Radiologist or a Urologist, each using a different approach for placement.

Nephrostomy Tube (also referred to as a drain)

Nephrostomy Tube If the urine output is red, what is this called?

Ureteral Stent

Discuss: Do you think it is possible for the nephrostomy tube or the ureteral stent to become blocked or crusted over? If so, how would you prevent this from happening? How do you solve the problem if it does happen?

Activity for a project grade. Draw and color SIX possibilities of urine samples. (Think specimen cup)!!! Label each and describe what might be the cause for the color, clarity, or odor. Circle any areas of concern.

Exit ticket!!! If you were to explain to an elderly patient why he/she would need to pee in a cup for a urine sample, what would you say?

Extended Learning/Extra Credit: Research on your own!!! What is a renal arteriogram? What signs/symptoms would lead a doctor to order this procedure? What is the doctor looking for or ruling out? What treatments options can be made during this procedure? (One point on the test of your choice!!)