GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
Topographic Anatomy of the Abdomen
Surface Landmarks Xiphoid process T9/T10 Inferior costal margin L2/L3 Iliac Crest L4 level ASIS L5/S1 level Pubic symphysis level of greater trochanter Inguinal groove separates abdomen from thigh; ASIS to pubic tubercle
Structures Skin protective covering Muscles Peritoneum lining of and Greater omentum fold of in anterior abdomen from stomach to
Peritoneum (cont d) Lesser omentum fold of from to Mesentery peritoneal fold that supports the
Quadrants
Regions (9)
Planes
Diaphragm
Anatomy on side due to attachment Higher than
Attachments Arises from Anteriorly 6 th, 7 th, and 8 th Posteriorly surface of L1, L2 and L3
Main Diaphragmatic Openings (Hiatus) Aortic (aorta from to of body) Esophageal ( passes to ) Inferior vena cava ( from lower half of body toward )
Diaphragm Relationships Domes T10 (right) and T12 (left) Excursion 1 ½ to 2 ; to Supine diaphragm 1 than when
Radiographic Studies of Diaphragm Pneumoperitoneum from ruptured organ Diaphragm paralysis
Pathology Hernia a rupture, of where organs come through Eventration diaphragm, allows organs to push up but not through
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM and BODY METABOLISM
Anatomy of the Digestive System Alimentary canal organs and food Accessory digestive organs assist
Gastrointestinal Processes and Controls Processes 1) Ingestion a. Mastication ( ) 2) Propulsion a. Deglutition ( ) b. Peristalsis ( )
3) Digestion a. b. 4) Absorption 5) Defecation
Organs of the Alimentary Canal Gastrointestinal Tract
Mouth (Oral Cavity) Lips Hard palate Tonsils
Tongue contains (taste buds) Teeth for of food Both mechanical and chemical digestion occur; begins chemical digestion of (starches)
Pharynx Common passage way for and Divisions Oropharynx
Esophagus Conducts food by from to through the esophageal hiatus in
Stomach Lies v and in LUQ Parts Fundus Body Pylorus
Openings Cardiac orifice at end Pyloric orifice at end Rugae of stomach
Borders Greater curvature surface Lesser curvature surface Angular notch - curvature
Functions of Stomach Site for Gastric glands produce: Renin Mucus itself from being digested Gastrin Intrinsic factor
Contents of Stomach Chyme semiliquid state of processed food
Activities of Stomach No absorption of nutrients in stomach only and Food propulsion 1) 2) Mixing action 3) chyme into
Stomach in Relation to Body Type Sthenic ; at level of / ; emptying time
Hypersthenic ; stomach and ; shaped like a cow s horn; empties
Hyposthenic and thorax; stomach ; pylorus at L3/L4; empties
Asthenic ; pylorus often in the
Small Intestine About 23 in length Boundaries from to valve
Small Intestine Subdivisions Duodenum section; (10 in.) Duodenal bulb or cap end Ligament of Treitz end
Pancreatic and enter duodenal loop through at Sphincter of
Jejunum section (9 feet) Ileum section; (13 feet); ends at ileocecal valve
Features of Small Intestine Circular folds folds Villi processes on circular folds; within
Activities and Functions of Small Intestine Chemical digestion of,, and in Nutrient occurs in and Water, food residue, and present in ileum
Large Intestine Boundaries from valve to ; feet long
Subdivisions of Large Intestine Cecum pouch at end Appendix colon colon colon Sigmoid colon Rectum
Flexures of Large Intestine Hepatic (Rt. Colic) flexure junction between and colons Splenic (Lt. Colic) flexure junction between and colons
Structures of Large Intestine Goblet cells produce Haustra sacs Teniae coli longitudinal
Activities and Functions Receives - indigestible food residue from Absorbs to indigestible residue of the residue to rectum residue from as
Accessory Digestive Organs
Teeth Deciduous ( ) ; first set Permanent ( ) second set
Salivary Glands Three pairs of glands 1) Parotid ; and to EAM; duct
2) Submandibular (or ) under of ; duct 3) Sublingual under the ; Ducts of Secretion ; and serous fluid to start of
Pancreas Retroperitoneal
Pancreatic Functions Exocrine ( ) function enzymes (pancreatic juice) through the pancreatic duct (Duct of ) through the into the Endocrine ( ) function secretes hormones and from the of 1) Insulin blood sugar 2) Glucagon blood sugar
Liver and Gallbladder Liver structure organ; lobes and ligament Digestive function of liver secretes to fats
Digestive function of gallbladder and by removing water; hormone the GB to when fats are
Bile flows from the liver: Rt. hepatic duct + Lt. hepatic duct = common hepatic duct Common hepatic duct + (from gallbladder) = duct Common bile duct + pancreatic duct = ampulla (of Vater) or ampulla Ampulla into the duodenum
Nutrition and Metabolism Nutrient substance in food used by body for,, and
Dietary Sources of Major Nutrients Lipids Vitamins
Metabolism reactions necessary to maintain
Pathology Common congenital defects 1) / 2) fistula
Common inborn errors of metabolism 1) huge amounts of mucus of involved organs
Common GI Problems Throughout Life Appendicitis inflammation of Ulcer erosion of of GI tract Gallbladder problems,, etc.
Diverticulum of wall of GI tract Polyp growth on lining of GI tract
Intussusseption - of one part of intestine Volvulus of a loop of upon itself