SOCF111 Session 3 Self as Practitioner: Values, Beliefs and Attitudes Department of Social Science endeavour.edu.au
Mindfulness Exercise Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 2
Self as Practitioner: Values, Beliefs & Attitudes Session Aim To develop in students an understanding of the impact of values, beliefs and attitudes on self as practitioner and clients Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 3
Self as Practitioner: Values, Beliefs & Attitudes At the end of this session, students should be able to: o Describe the nature of values, beliefs and attitudes o Discuss the impact of values, beliefs and attitudes on sense of self o Explain the implications of values, beliefs and attitudes for clients o Explain the importance of impression formation for practitioners o Discuss the impact of the attribution process for understanding our own and others behaviour o Understand the role of social media and its ethical implications in health care Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 4
Quotation Nothing can stop the man with the right mental attitude from achieving his goal; nothing on earth can help the man with the wrong mental attitude. Thomas Jefferson Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 5
Beliefs Franzoi, SL, 2006, Social Psychology, 4 th edn, McGraw Hill, Boston o Beliefs defined: assumptions we make about ourselves and others and how we expect things to be in the world Perception of the relationship between things e.g. apples are red, physical activity is fun; lawyers are dishonest our estimate of the probability of something being true tend to be deep set and are the basis for our values Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 6
Values Franzoi, S. L 2006, Social Psychology, 4 th edn, McGraw Hill, Boston o Enduring beliefs about important life goals that transcend specific situations. e.g. pleasure, freedom, equality o An important aspect of self concept o Convey what is important to us in our lives and serve as guiding principles for our behaviour o Influence our attitudes, behaviours and choices Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 7
Values Schwartz(1992;1994) A theory of values 10 motivationally distinct types of values Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 8
Activity 3.1- Personal Values o Reflect on the 10 motivational values on the preceding slide Rank order the values listed from 1 most important to 10 least important in terms of their impact as guiding principles for one s life. Discuss your responses in small groups of 3 4 o Whole group discussion of the impact of values on professional practice in a health care setting o Make sure you look at and reflect upon the information in at the following link: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-powerprime/201205/personal-growth-your-values-your-life Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 9
Attitudes Michener, HA, DeLamater, JD & Myers, DJ, 2004, Social Psychology, 5 th edn,thomson, USA o Lasting evaluations & beliefs about aspects of the social or physical world such as people, objects, or issues. (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986) o A predisposition to respond in a generally favourable or unfavourable way (Ajzen, 1982) o Attitudes are both positive or negative evaluations of objects o Attitudes guide the way we perceive and respond to our world Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 10
Beliefs, Values and Attitudes o Beliefs, values and attitudes are different but linked o Our beliefs and values impact on our attitudes and behaviour o Beliefs impact on attitudes through the moderating influence of values Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 11
Attitudes and Behaviour The link between attitudes and behaviour 12 Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 12
Activity 3.2 - Attitudes & Behaviour o In small groups of 3-4, discuss an attitude you have about health care in your chosen modality. Do you think this attitude will have an impact on your behaviour as a health care professional? Why/Why not? Each student in the group is to think of one attitude o Whole group discussion of the factors impinging on the relationship between attitudes and behaviour Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 13
Impression Formation Franzoi, SL, 2006, Social Psychology, 4 th edn, McGraw Hill, Boston The process by which we combine information about another person into an overall impression of that person Our impressions of others are shaped by both verbal and non-verbal (e.g. facial expressions, body movements) sources Impressions are strongly influenced by evaluation and the information we receive earliest in an encounter We are both the formers of impressions and the source of impressions for others Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 14
Self-fulfilling Prophecy o This is an expectancy or assumption about a person that affects: the way we perceive that person how we interact with that person The person eventually changes their behaviour in line with our expectations o A three-step process: The perceiver forms an impression of the target. The perceiver acts in a manner consistent with this impression toward the target. The target s behavior changes to correspond to the perceiver s actions. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 15
Self-fulfilling Prophecy Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 16
Activity 3.3 First Contact o In pairs answer the following questions? When you meet someone, what do you notice first (looks, age, sex, colour, other)? What are you usually attracted to looks, body language, voice, words, other (specify)? What do you feel others notice about you first? How do you personally go about establishing rapport? What do you need to feel comfortable and trusting in communication? o Whole group discussion of the implications of impression formation on working with clients. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 17
Attribution Theory o Attribution theory was discovered by Fritz Heider. The theory is based on how and why people do the things they do. We attach and assume meanings to the behaviour of others in our day to day life and as such we try and explain what people do and why they do it. Heider, F. (1958). The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: Wiley. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 18
Attribution Theory Explaining the causes of others behaviour We describe people s behaviour as being either caused by: o Internal (Dispositional: personal characteristics, personality, biology); or o External (Situational: environmental events outside of the person s control) factors. Example: Joe doesn t do his homework because... o Joe is a lazy student (internal) o Joe s dog ate his homework (external) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 19
Attribution Theory Explaining the causes of others behaviour Sally didn t make it to her date with Joe on Friday night. Why didn t Sally make the date? A. Sally forgot B. Sally was stuck in traffic C. Sally was in the hospital D. Sally found a hotter date Which of these are internal? Which are external? Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 20
Attribution Theory Explaining the causes of others behaviour Sally didn t make it to her date with Joe on Friday night. Why didn t Sally make the date? A. Sally forgot INTERNAL B. Sally was stuck in traffic EXTERNAL C. Sally was in the hospital EXTERNAL D. Sally found a hotter date INTERNAL Which do you think is true? Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 21
Attribution Theory The Fundamental Attribution Error With Sally most people would suggest she missed the date for an internal reason, not because of circumstances within her environment When asked to offer an explanation for why a person does something, we tend to attribute their actions to their personality, their beliefs, their biology, or some other internal factor. The Fundamental Attribution Error: The tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors in a person s behaviour, and to underestimate external factors. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 22
Attribution Theory Put to Practice So when asked to guess why people behave the way we do, we re more likely to blame an action on an internal flaw of the person than an environmental factor. The Fundamental Attribution Error has implications for our clinical practice, and particularly for the assumptions we make. Things to consider: o o When someone doesn t follow their treatment plan is it my fault? Is it their fault? Or could there be another explanation? Am I as likely to make the error with myself? Do I blame myself for poor performance, or do I blame the environment and other people? Most people are aware of external factors in their own behaviour, but not in the behaviour of others. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 23
Attribution Theory With the Fundamental Attribution Error... o It s important to remember we may think other people are defective in some way after failing to consider the impact of the environment in their decisions or actions. This can be corrected if we imagine we are the other person and try to explain the behaviour from our own view. o Try to remember the environmental situation a person is in plays a powerful role in their actions. For example, in Zimbardo s Prison Study paper: when working as a prison guard dressed in uniform, a normally kind, sensitive individual may become controlling and abusive because that is the role they play. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 24
Activity 3.4 Fundamental Attribution Error o Group activity brainstorm examples from your own experiences/lives of the fundamental attribution error. o How might this error impact on the professional relationship you have with clients? Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 25
Self Attributions Locus of Control Develops early in life through our experiences Influences our feelings of control, learned helplessness and depression Can have an impact on our sense of self Can have an impact on how client s respond to treatment Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 26
Locus of Control Rotter s Locus of Control Theory is one version of Attribution Theory discussed earlier In 1966 Rotter published a scale designed to measure and assess external and internal locus of control. This scale utilizes a choice between two alternatives that requires people to choose just one of the two possibilities for each item or question. It is important to note that locus of control is a continuum. No one person has 100 percent external or internal locus of control. Most people lie somewhere on the continuum between the two extremes Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 27
Locus of Control Research has suggested that those with an internal locus of control: Are more likely to take responsibility for their actions Tend to be less influenced by other peoples opinions Often do better at tasks when they work at their own pace Tend to work hard to achieve the things they want Feel confident in the face of challenges Tend to be happier Tend to be more independent Often achieve greater success in the workplace Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 28
Locus of Control o Those with an external locus of control it has been suggested: Blame outside forces for their circumstances Often credit luck or chance for any successes they may have Don t believe they can change their situation through their own efforts Frequently feel hopeless or powerless in difficult circumstances Are more prone to learned helplessness Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 29
Activity Locus of Control o Answer the questions at the following link o http://www.mccc.edu/~jenningh/courses/documents/rott er-locusofcontrolhandout.pdf o What is your major reference? OR Are you a mixture of both? How might this locus of control preference impact on your role as a health care practitioner in your chosen modality What are its benefits? What are its drawbacks? Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 30
Social Media in Health Care Social Media are computer mediated tools that allow people to create, share or exchange information, ideas, pictures in virtual communities and networks. Some examples below: Facebook You Tube Twitter Linkedin Instagram Pinterest Forums Snapchat Google Slideshare Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 31
Social Media in Health Care Advantages o The move from the word wide web to the world live web allows anyone to create and share information and experiences through the web in the form of a conversation o Ease and rapidity of use, low cost and extremely broad access is a benefit o Social media play a central and increasing role in finding health information o Web has become a platform for people with shared health concerns and created health information that is more relevant to consumers Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 32
Social Media in Health Care Advantages (cont d) To engage health care stakeholders To market and brand services Facebook is technically a free advertising resource for your business Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 33
Social Media in Health Care Pitfalls o Time management while utilizing social media such as Facebook o Privacy and compliance o Social networking web sites such as Facebook place high demands on creativity. It can be difficult to constantly come up with innovative and exciting content that will interest clients o May expose professionals/organisations to liability if not monitored correctly o Online communications can give rise to potential libel and defamation claims Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 34
Social Media in Health Care Ethical Considerations How can the boundaries between personal and professional communication between practitioners and clients be defined? How can these boundaries be established and maintained? How is privacy and confidentiality upheld? How might the therapeutic relationship be impacted by social media use? As health practitioners, it is vital to accept, adapt, and amend policies, practices, and professional obligations to use social media both responsibly and creatively Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 35
Social Media in Health Care o The principle of first, do no harm should apply to practitioners use of social media o Harm reduction and ethical thinking can be used as a lens through which to view the possibilities of social media health promotion in clinical practice o Be aware of unprofessional behaviour online and embrace the positive potential for social media o Practitioners can utilise the power of social media to facilitate interactions with clients and the public that increase their confidence in the profession. 36 Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 36
Revision Questions o o o o How can knowledge of values, attitudes and beliefs inform your practice as a health practitioner? What is the value of attribution theories for the helping practitioner? What are some potential social media ethical issues? How would you use social media in your practice as a practitioner? Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 37