농업생명과학연구 45(2) pp.9-13 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 45(2) pp.9-13 Selection of Natural Materials for Eco-friendly Control for Blight of Wood-Cultivated Ginseng(Panax ginseng) Chong-Kyu Lee 1* Chan-Yeol Yu 2 1 Department. of Forest Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 660-758, Korea 2 Gyeongsangnam-do Forest Environment Research Institute, Jinju 660-860, Korea Received: FEB. 07. 2011, Revised: MAR. 01. 2011, Accepted: APR. 22. 2011 ABSTRACT This study was carried out to control the disease of wood-cultivated ginseng(panax ginseng) using natural materials. Four fungi spices such as Pythium ultimum, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani which caused disease of the wood-cultivated ginseng were investigated. The infection of these fungi causes symptom on roots, stems and leaves. The leaves became dry and die. The disease caused by Pythium ultimum can be prevented by using friendly environmental materials like Chamaecyparis obtuse essential oil and Wormstop. Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum might be prevented by using wormstop extracted from Neem tree(azadirachta indica). No substance tested effectively prevents the growth of Rhizoctonia solani. Key words - Wood-cultivated ginseng, Pythium ultimum, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani I. INTRODUCTION Wood-cultivated ginseng is grown from Panax ginseng seeds or seedlings. It is estimated that wood-cultivated ginseng has been approximately grown in 1,680 ha per year in Korea and generates revenue of about two billions won. Major growing areas are Wonju city, Inje gun, Jeongseon gun, Sancheong gun, Hmyang gun, and Geochang gun. Sancheong gun, Hmyang gun, and Geochang gun which belong to Gyeongsang provinces now started to cultivate wood-cultivated ginseng from 2000(Han, 2006; Park, 2006). In order to grow wood-cultivated ginseng from pesticide-free condition, cultivated soil as well as seed and seedling is not exposed to pesticides. Furthermore there are no natural disasters in the growing area. Due to the sensitive growth condition of pesticide-free wood-cultivated ginseng, it is *Corresponding author: Chong-Kyu Lee Tel: +82-55-751-3243 Fax: +82-55-751-3241 E-mail: suam7@gntech.ac.kr difficult to maintain large-scale cultivation and thus mass production is also not feasible. Recently, it is a popular as health food. Wood-cultivated ginseng has been known as miracle drug from the ancient mysteries. Its biological activity is as follows; anti-aging, removal of hangover, prevention of stroke, diabetes treatment, enhancing digestive function and anticancer(kim et al., 2004). The cultivation of wood-cultivated ginseng obstructed by people might be accompanied with too much pathology and artificial cultivation of wood-cultivated ginseng resulted in various diseases. The studies of insect pests and diseases on the general ginseng have been much conducted. But the study about pest management of wood-cultivated ginseng is at the stage of beginning. Especially, the red colored root observed in wood-cultivated ginseng, or Panax ginseng, has been intensively studied biologically and chemically (Jugn et al, 1985). There
10 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 45(2) was a report about what caused the red colored root disease of wood-cultivated ginseng, or Panax ginseng (Park, 2006). In addition, the content of polyphenol and the effect of polyphenol oxidase have role in occurrence of red colored root disease (Jung, 1985). In this study, natural compounds were screened to prevent diseases which cause low productivity of wood-cultivated ginseng. This study will contribute to improve income of farmer who cultivates woodcultivated ginseng. Ⅱ. Materials and Method 2.1 General condition Types of disease breaking out in wood-cultivated ginseng was investigated in Hamyang-gun, Seosangmyeon Geumdang-ri, which is intensive cultivation of forest. We have surveyed from April to October, 2010. Geology of Hamyang gun area consisted of gneiss and igneous rocks generated from Upper Jurassic period. The average temperature over the last 30 years was 11.4, the highest temperature was 19.2, and the lowest temperature was 5.7. The average annual rainfall is 1,265mm. Canopy species of wood-cultivated ginseng was consisted with mixed forest of conifer forest such as Pinus densiflora, Larix leptolepis, Chamaecyparis obtusa and Pinus koraiensis, and Quercus forest such as Quercus aliena, Q. dentata, Q. xmccormickii and Q. variabilis, deciduous broad-leaved forest such as Carpinus laxiflora kinds of Quercus, Acer mono., Prunus sargentii and Cornus controversa. Panax ginseng was cultivated at over 500 m sea level. The three cultivated areas were located at the northeast and northwest. Slope was from 10 to over 20. 2.2 Eco-friendly materials In order to exclude synthetic chemicals to prevent disease occurrence and to use eco-friendly materials, oils were extracted from Chamaecyparis obtusa. Wormstop extracted from Neem trees (Azadirachta indica) and pyroligneous acid liquor were used. The dilution rates were carried out at original concentration, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 times dilution and the effect of materials was examined. Paper disk concentrations order from were to turn to right top by original concentration, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 times dilution. One paper disk concentration was 100 μl quantity. Wormstop metrial was extracted from Azadirachta indica and main ingredient Azadiractin 500 ppm 5% and Salannin, Liminoids 95%. This wromstop effected in sterilization and insecticide of disease. Main original fungi used exam test get Rural Development Administration Ⅲ. Results and Discussions 3.1 Bright of wood-cultivated ginseng Various diseases are occur during cultivation of wood-cultivated ginseng because wood-cultivated ginseng was growing at the same underground soil for several years without any other artificial interference (Table 1). Table 1. List of wood-cultivated ginseng disease break out in surveyed sites Disease Disease part Observed period Pythium ultimum root April~June Alternaria alternata Fusarium oxysporum Rhizoctonia solani root, stem root, stem, leaf root, stem April~July May~August May~ September Pythium ultimum, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani were examined as
Chong et al. : Selection of Natural Materials for Eco-friendly Control for Blight of Wood-Cultivated Ginseng(Panax ginseng) 11 a casual agent of wood-cultivated ginseng. Pythium ultimum causing major damage to the root and leaves were weathered as disease progresses. Alternaria alternata was infected into root and rhizome stem. The infection pare was rotted and gray or dark brown sclerotia of the fungus-like pellets were formed. Infection of Fusarium oxysporum causes chlorosis of root, stem and leaf. Rhizoctonia solani was infect into shoot of wood-cultivated ginseng and the stem facing the earth becomes dark-green and break off and finally dried (Park, 1984). Unlike ginseng, wood-cultivated ginseng continues to grow once planting (Kreutzer, 1995). Thus, kinds of wood-cultivated ginseng diseases are similar to Panax ginseng although the diseases of wood-cultivated ginseng are more prevalent than those of ginseng. However it cannot be applied the chemical control after occurring disease. This is a major problem for cultivation of wood-cultivated ginseng. Damage of wood-cultivated ginseng occurred in this examined area resulted from long-term cultivation. In order to alleviate this damage, it will be necessary to improve the growing environment. It needs to consider the search and the use of eco-friendly substance instead of chemical control to control the blight. 3.2 Search of eco-friendly materials Of environmentally friendly materials, phytoncide is known as a substance to strengthen the immune system. In the wood forest, phytoncide restores the body and mind and increases the natural healing capacity. Also, phytoncide has strong antibacterial activity and is a large effect on stress reduction (Beyfuss, 1999). Therefore, Chamaecyparis obtusa essential oil containing natural phytochemicals was used as a control agent for wood-cultivated ginseng disease. Wormstop contains pesticide ingredient Azadiracitin, which is found in neem tree (Azadirachta indica). It is also used in organic farming and is harmless to human or animal drug products (Lee, 2009). Pyroligneous acid liquor was purified below ph 3.5. It showed the results treated with eco-friendly materials (Fig. 1). Chamaecyparis obtuse essential oil inhibits the growth of Pythium ultimum at the undiluted concentration. wormstop showed the effect at the undiluted and 5-fold diluted concentration. Pyroligneous acid liquor also inhibits the growth of P. ultimum at the undiluted concentration (Fig. 1A). Alternaria alternate (Fig. 1B) and Fusarium oxysporum (Fig. 1C) were not inhibited by Chamaecyparis obtuse essential oil and pyroligneous acid liquor. However, Wormstop was inhibited the growth of both fungi at the undiluted concentration. Tested three substance did not inhibit the growth of Rhizoctonia solan at any concentration tested (Fig. 1D). So far, there have been no report on eco-friendly materials for wood-cultivated ginseng. There have been a few reports about red colored root, which occurs in ginseng cultivation region (Jung et al., 1985; Beyfuss, 1999). Therefore, this study's results showed that the disease caused by Pythium ultimum could be prevented by using friendly environmental materials such as Chamaecyparis obtuse essential oil and wormstop. Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum might be prevented by using wormstop extracted from Neem tree that contained an Azadiractin which is active compound. No Eco-friendly materials tested effectively prevent the growth of Rhizoctonia solani. More research needs to be carried out to find friendly environmental material for the inhibition of growth of R. solani.
12 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 45(2) Fig. 1. Inhibition effects of hyphae growth by natural materials on wood-cultivated ginseng (panax ginseng) disease on PDA. A-1: Pythium ultimum (in wormstop), A-2: P. ultium (in Charmaecyparis obtusa essential oil), A-3: P. ultium (in pyroligneous acid liquor). B-1: Alternaria alternata (in wormstop), B-2: A. alternata (in Charmaecyparis obtusa essential oil), B-3: A. alternata (in pyroligneous acid liquor). C-1: Fusarium oxysporum (in wormstop), C-2: F. oxysporum (in Charmaecyparis obtusa essential oil), C-3: F. oxysporum (in pyroligneous acid liquor). D-1: Rhizoctonia solani (in wormstop), D-2: R. solani (in Charmaecyparis obtusa essential oil), D-3: R. solani (in pyroligneous acid liquor).
Chong et al. : Selection of Natural Materials for Eco-friendly Control for Blight of Wood-Cultivated Ginseng(Panax ginseng) 13 Ⅳ. Acknowledgements This study was carried out by support of Gyeongsangnam-do Forest Environment Research institute Research fund (2010). Literature cited Beyfuss, R. L. 1999. American. ginseng production in woodlots. Agroforestry Notes 14. 4pp. Han, S. S. 2006. Cultivation compensation and practice. K.R.S.. 223-230. Jung, Y. R., S. H., Oh, I. H., Lee and C. Y. Park. 1985. On the bio-chemical characteristic and occurrence cause in rusty-ginseng. The Korean Society of Ginseng. 9: 24-35. Kim, S. J, S. S., Sin, B. I. Seo and S. Y. Ji. 2004. A study anticancer effects of wild ginseng, ginseng. The Korea Association of Herbology 19: 20-51. Kreutzer, K. 1995. Effects of forest liming on soil processes. Plnat and Soil 168-169 : 447-470. Lee, C. K. 2009. Study on chestnut insect pests by environmentally friendly controls in Korea. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 48: 95-100. Park, J. S. 1984. Plant pathology. Hiyangmunsa. 510pp. Park, H. 2006. Ginseng physiology and Wild ginseng Cultivation Method. K.R.S.. p. 105-131.