Bio 111 Study Guide Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration & Fermentation BEFORE CLASS: Reading: Read the whole chapter from pp. 141-158. In Concept 7.1, pay special attention to oxidation & reduction and the electron carrier NAD +. For Concept 7.2 on glycolysis, Figure 7.8 is good for understanding the basics of what the inputs and outputs of glycolysis are. Concept 7.3 is about pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle. Figures 7.10 is good to study the basics of what is occurring here. In Concept 7.4, Figures 7.13 and 7.14 are important to understand, and Figure 7.15 is a good summary of cellular respiration. Definitions: fermentation aerobic (cellular) respiration redox reactions oxidation reduction NAD + /NADH electron transport chain glycolysis citric acid cycle oxidative phosphorylation substrate-level phosphorylation FAD/FADH2 ATP synthase chemiosmosis obligate anaerobes facultative anaerobes
Questions/Problems: 1. Label the following parts of mitochondria: outer membrane, inner membrane, intermembrane space, cristae, and matrix. 2. Explain what happens in oxidation and reduction reactions in just a few words. 3. Fill in the following summary equations for cellular respiration (one is for common names, one is the chemical formulas): glucose + carbon dioxide + + + 6 O 2 + 6 H 2 O + +
DURING CLASS: Balance of Ecosystems Animation Carbon Cycle Where does the carbon come from that a plant uses to build the sugars it makes in photosynthesis? What form is it in? Where does the carbon come from that an animal uses to build its molecules? What form is it in? How is carbon returned to the atmosphere? What form is it in? What types of organisms do that process? Mitochondrial Structure Redox Reactions Oxidation Reduction
Electron Carriers Mechanisms of ATP Synthesis Oxidative phosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation Cellular Respiration Purpose Summary equation Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle Pyruvate Oxidation Oxidative Phosphorylation Electron Transport Chain (ETC): Chemiosmosis: ATP Synthase
Putting it all together: Summary of Cellular Respiration Energy Conversions: **Total energy from 1 glucose in cellular respiration is ATP. Animation Cellular Respiration Catabolism of Other Organic Molecules Other carbohydrates Fats Proteins
Fermentation Purpose Alcoholic Fermentation: Lactic Acid Fermentation: **Total energy from 1 glucose in fermentation is ATP. Animation Fermentation Types of Organisms: Obligate anaerobes Facultative anaerobes **Take Away Concept** Cellular respiration and fermentation are chemical reactions that release chemical energy stored in food molecules. They transfer some of it to molecules of ATP so cells can do work and stay alive!
AFTER CLASS: Questions/Problems: 1. Fill in the blanks and label any parts that you can in the following diagram that depicts cellular respiration. GLYCOLYSIS Location: C-C-C-C-C-C 2 2 C-C-C C-C-C 2 CITRIC ACID CYCLE Location: 4 2 costs 2 2 C-C-CoA C-C-CoA 2 2 OAA 2 CoA 2 2 2 6 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION Location: Process: 2e 2e 2 + ½ 2e Process: + P i *Make sure you add the H+ ions in this figure.
2. In the conversion of glucose and O2 to CO2 and H2O in cellular respiration, which molecule becomes reduced? Which becomes oxidized? What happens to the energy that is released in this redox reaction? 3. Study Figure 7.14. What effect would the absence of O2 have on this process? 4. Fill in the following table to compare and contrast cellular respiration and fermentation. Process Starting Point Aerobic or Anaerobic? Final Electron Acceptor Molecular Products Net Energy (ATP) Cellular Respiration Fermentation 5. A glucose-fed yeast cell is moved from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic one. How would its rate of glucose consumption change if ATP were to be generated at the same rate? 6. Thinking about the molecular structure of a fat and a carbohydrate, what features of its structure make fat a much better fuel or energy source? 7. The graph here shows the ph difference across the inner mitochondrial membrane over time in an actively respiring cell. At the time indicated by the vertical arrow, a metabolic poison is added that specifically and completely inhibits all function of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Draw and explain what you would expect to see for the rest of the graphed line.