Quality of the United States Soybean Crop: 2013 Dr. Seth Naeve, Dr. James Orf, Dr. Jill Miller-Garvin, and Mr. Nick Weidenbenner 1
OUTLINE Part 1: 2013 Growing Season Part 2: Historical Protein and Oil Variaion Part 3: Survey Results Survey and Analysis Methods Results: Protein, Oil, and Seed Size 2
42 40 38 Soybean, Corn, and Wheat in the US (planted ha) Soybean Corn Wheat 36 Planted area (ha) 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 3
US Soybean Production Area 4
Part 1 2013 Growing Season 5
The early season: 2013 Many soybean production states experienced a top ten cold April, and precipitation was well above normal for much of the Midwest in April 6
The drought that carried over from 2012 eased in the spring of 2013 due to the abundant rainfall, but the wet weather delayed field work in many areas 7
The mid season: 2013 While the growing season started out wet, by August much of the soybean growing region had below normal precipitation 8
some spots in the Midwest experienced their driest August on record 9
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Part 2 Historical Protein and Oil Variation 14
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ON SOYBEAN PROTEIN AND OIL Location specific environmental impacts (like soil type and other geographical traits) affect long term quality trends However, annual variation in weather patterns affects year over year variation in soybean quality Rainfall patterns appear to have the greatest impact on soybean quality Grain yield can be either positively correlated or negatively correlated with grain quality 18
Part 3 2013 Survey Results 19
2013 Survey Methods In August, sample kits were mailed to 8,325 U.S. soybean producers, based on soybean production by state By Nov. 4, 1,627 samples were returned for analysis
Description of Data Collection Process Moisture on each sample was recorded immediately after receiving them Seed size/weight was determined by counting and weighing 1000 seeds from each sample Seed size/weight is expressed on a grams per 100 seeds basis
Samples were analyzed for protein and oil concentration by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) using a Perten diode array instrument Average protein and oil values were determined by state Regional and U.S. average values were determined by weighting averages based on estimated 2013 production 2013 Survey Methods: Protein and Oil 22
AMINO ACIDS All samples were subsequently ground to facilitate analysis of amino acids, fatty acids, and soluble sugars 23
Region Number of Samples Protein (13%) Change from 2012 Oil (13%) Change from 2012 Seed Weight (g/100 seeds) Change from 2012 USA Average 1627 34.7 19.0 16.2 Average of 2013 Crop 34.7 +0.4 19.0 +0.5 16.0-0.4 US 1986-2013 average 35.2 18.7 US average values weighted based on estimated production by state, as estimated by USDA, NASS Crop Production Report (8 November, 2013) 24
Region Number of Samples Protein (13%) 2013 Change from 2012 Oil (13%) 2013 Change from 2012 Seed Weight (g/100 seeds) 2013 Change from 2012 Western Corn Belt 880 34.5 +0.5 19.1 +0.5 16.2-0.1 Eastern Corn Belt 577 35.0 +0.4 18.7 +0.2 16.3-0.8 Midsouth 118 34.6-0.8 19.6 +0.6 14.9-0.4 Southeast 19 34.8-0.4 19.4 +0.4 15.5 +0.2 East Coast 33 35.4-0.1 18.0-0.2 16.4-1.1 Regional average values weighted based on estimated production by state, as estimated by USDA, NASS Crop Production Report (8 November, 2013) 25
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BETTER MEASURES OF THE VALUE OF SOYBEANS Soybeans and soybean meal have been valued (primarily) based on a measure of protein called crude protein Animal feeding trials have repeatedly shown U.S. soybeans produce a superior meal, based on feed conversion and efficiency measures Crude protein is probably not the best measure of a soybean (or a soybean meal s) value? 34
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lysine, methionine, cysteine, threonine, and tryptophan 36
OTHER CONSTITUENTS VARY AS WELL Other proteins Trypsin inhibitors, Urease, and other antinutritionals Carbohydrates Fiber Starch Soluble Sugars (Sucrose, Stachyose, and Raffinose) Fatty acids Isoflavones Many other functional constituents 37
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SUMMARY The US is expected to produce a 88.7 MMT soybean crop in 2013 (7% increase over 2012) Due to increased yields in nearly every state, only Northern and Western states (North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin) will have yield decreases Overall, protein and oil concentrations increased over 2012 values The average soybean in 2013 had slightly lower protein content than the long-term average, but it possessed higher oil levels The greatest improvement in quality came from the Northern and Western regions of the US production area 39
QUESTIONS? naeve002@umn.edu 40
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