A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately at peace with himself. What a man can be, he must be. -Abraham Maslow Can you tell me what Maslow is describing?
1908-1970 key name Abraham MASLOW Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs - our most basic needs must be met before we can be our best self
1917-1998 key name David McCLELLAND Achievement Motivation demonstrated that people with a high need for achievement choose moderate to difficult tasks
1898-1971 1871-1945 key name Walter CANNON & Philip BARD We experience the physical (heart racing) and the emotional ("I feel excited") at the SAME TIME
1922-1997 key name Stanley SCHACTER Two factor theory of emotion - we experience the physical (heart racing) and give it a cognitive label ("this is scary") and this produces our emotions
1903-1989 key name Konrad LORENZ Asserted that aggressive impulses, are to a degree, innate.
Theories of Emotion Does your heart pound because you are afraid... or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?
3 Major Theories of Emotion James-Lange Cannon-Bard Schacter - Two Factor (also referred to as Schacter- Singer)
James-Lange Theory of Emotion A Physiological Response causes the Emotion Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion)
Support for James-Lange Subjects report feeling more sad when viewing scenes of war, sickness, and starvation if their sad face muscles are activated. They also find comic strips funnier if their happy face muscles are activated. This is called the facial feedback effect
Criticism of James-Lange Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion) Sight of Your secret crush Pounding heart (arousal) LOVE (emotion)
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion) The Physiological Response and the Emotion are experienced at the SAME TIME
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Says James- Lange theory is full of crap. The physiological change and the emotion occur simultaneously. They believed it was the thalamus that helped this happen.
Think Two cannons firing at the same 3me. Physiological change (heart rate, breathing) Emotion
Schachter s Two Factor Theory of Emotion Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Cognitive label I m afraid Fear (emotion) We experience the Physiological Response and give it a Cognitive Label and this produces our emotions
If you are in a falling vehicle heading toward the ground at 60 mph, your autonomic reac3on would include heart racing and screaming. But if your cogni3ve appraisal says you are on a rollercoaster, then you have the emo3on of fun.
Reviewing the three theories Emotion occurs at the same time as arousal Emotion follows (lags behind) arousal Arousal + Cognitive label à Emotion
Experiencing Emotion Does money buy happiness? Average per-person after-tax income in 1995 dollars $20,000 $19,000 $18,000 $17,000 100% $16,000 90% $15,000 80% $14,000 $13,000 70% Personal income $12,000 60% $11,000 50% $10,000 Percentage very happy $9,000 40% $8,000 30% $7,000 20% $6,000 10% $5,000 $4,000 0% 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year Percentage describing themselves as very happy
Experiencing Emotion Adaptation-Level Phenomenon tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level brightness of lights volume of sound level of income defined by our prior experience This is why winning the lottery would only make us happy for a short while. Once the novelty of having all that money wears off, we adapt to this new level of wealth (or achievement, etc.) Relative Deprivation pony example (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qb0vqurcys) perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
Happiness is... Researchers Have Found That Happy People Tend to Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries) Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage Have work and leisure that engage their skills Have a meaningful religious faith However, Happiness Seems Not Much Related to Other Factors, Such as Age Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful) Education levels Parenthood (having children or not) Physical attractiveness Sleep well and exercise
The Concept of Happiness Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon: you will be helpful more often if you are in a good mood. Subjective Well Being: most common measurement of happiness, satisfaction, and quality of life. Looks at physical as well as economic indicators.
Emotion Application Christine is holding her 8 month-old baby when a fierce dog appears out of nowhere and, with teeth bared, leaps for the baby s face. Christine immediately ducks for cover to protect the baby, screams at the dog, and notices that her heart is banging and that she s broken out in a cold sweat. How would the James-Lange, Cannon- Bard, and Two-Factor Theories explain Christine s reaction?