Personal Factors Influencing Operator Performance HED 302s Driver Task Analysis Dale O. Ritzel, Ph.D., FAASE Director Emeritus, Safety Center Southern Illinois University Carbondale, IL 62901-6731 Dale O. Ritzel 1999-2009
Personal Factors Influencing Performance Long Term Dysfunctions Alcohol and Other Drugs Fatigue Sleep Needs Special Populations Aging Compensating for Dysfunctions
Long Term Disabilities Paraplegia Leg Dysfunctions Arm Dysfunctions Dexterity Range of Motion
Long Term Disabilities Quadriplegia Inability to Grasp and Turn Steering Wheel Inability to Use Standard Vehicle Controls Possible Body Balancing Problem Difficulty in Entry and Exit, Wheelchair Storage Fatigue Levels Need Consideration Inability to See Entire Field of Traffic Flow
Long Term Disabilities Lack Of Body Balance Danger in Falling on Sudden Turns or Stops Other Body Balancing Problems Body Size Insufficient or Too Much Height for Visibility Inability to Grasp and Turn Steering Wheel Inability to Use Standard Vehicle Controls Possible Body Balancing Problem Steering Maneuvers Difficult
Long Term Disabilities Muscle Weakness/Control Inability to Grasp and Turn Steering Wheel Inability to Use Brake and Clutch Difficulty Releasing Parking Brake Involuntary Movements, Spasms May Present Danger
Long Term Disabilities Fatigue and Lapse of Consciousness Inability to Maintain Attention Over Long Periods Potential for Serious Risk in Driving Sources: Physical Handicap Summaries, Ohio State University
Special Populations Non-readers Mentally Challenged Physically Challenged Emotionally Challenged
Do They Pack The Same Punch? [Hint: The answer is no. Search the course materials and Web sites to find out why the alcohol content of each is different {the worksheets will help shown this}] Beer Whiskey Wine Champagne COOLER Coolers B REEZER
Assignment: Complete the 3 worksheets that can be accessed at the following Web site. Send your responses back to the Instructor at safety@siu.edu. After completing the worksheets, go back and respond to the previous slide. Alcohol Content Worksheets
Elimination Rate Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC).15% STOPS.12% DRINKING @.09%.08% INTOXICATION LEVEL.15% Legal Intoxication Most States Some States.10% Legal Impairment.05%.02%.00% HOURS 9 pm 10 pm 11 pm 12 am 1 am 2 am 3 am 4 am 5 am 6 am 7 am 8 am 9 am 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ABSORPTION ELIMINATION
Relative Risk of Crash Relative Risk of Fatal Crash 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 As a Function of BAC and Age 16-19 19 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.180 Blood Alcohol Concentration +55 20-24 24 25-54 54
Relative Risk of Crash and Age BAC.015 -.049.05 -.079.08 -.099.10 -.149 AGE 16-19 BY BAC LEVEL.15 AND GREATER INCREASED RISK OF DEATH 2.5 9.0 40.0 90.0 420.0
Assignment Review the DUI laws in the State of Illinois Click on the following Web Site to review the current DUI laws in Illinois Rules of the Road DUI Laws
DRUGS CATEGORIES Nonprescription & Over the Counter Prescription Illegal or Illicit TYPES Stimulants Depressants Hallucinogens Narcotics
Stimulants Amphetamines Common Names Speed, footballs, ups, pep pills, bumblebees, methedrine, dexedrine, hearts, uppers, black beauties Medical Use Weight control, fatigue control, mild depression, hyperkinesis, narcolepsy Side Effects Loss of coordination, over-excitability, false sense of alertness, lack of concentration, raised blood pressure, decreased appetite
Stimulants Caffeine Common Names Found in coffee, tea, cola drinks Medical Use Cluster headaches and to stimulate failing heart Possible Side Effects Irritability, nervousness, tremors, heart irregularities, increased heart blood pressure and pulse rate, stomach pain
Stimulant Nicotine Common Names Found in tobacco Medical Use Not really Side Effects Irritability, nervousness, tremors, increased blood pressure and pulse rate, stomach pain
Depressants Ethyl Alcohol Common Names booze Medical Use None Side Effects Affects judgment, reactions
Depressants Analgesics Common Names Pain pills Medical Use Arthritis/ reeumatism Side Effects Drowsiness, inability to concentrate
Depressants Anti-diabetics Common Names Sugar medicine Medical Use Diabetes Side Effects Drowsiness, inability to concentrate, insulin shock and diabetic coma
Depressants Barbiturates Common Names downers, bards, blue devils, red devils, yellow, nembutal, seconal Medical Use High blood pressure, epilepsy, insomnia, emotional stress Side Effects Drowsiness, staggering, blurred vision, distorted reality, slurred speech, hyperactivity, excitability, unconsciousness
Depressants Sedatives Common Names Qualludes, ludes, sopors, valium, libruim, equanil, miltown, strains Medical Use High blood pressure, epilepsy, insomnia, emotional stress, muscle sprains Side Effects Drowsiness, staggering, blurred vision, distorted reality, slurred speech, attitudinal changes, disinterest, depression, short-term memory loss
Hallucinogens Cannabis Common Names Pot, grass, weed, dope, Mary Jane, sinsemila, reefer, Acapulco gold, shit, Thai sticks Medical Use Experimental- glaucoma, cancer Side Effects Anxiety, loss of concentration, time speed distortion, motivation and cognition may be altered
Hallucinogens Lysergic Acid Common Names LSD, acid, mcrodot, green or red dragon, white lightening, blue heaven, sugar cubes Medical Use None Side Effects Distortion, increased heart rate, raised blood pressure, hallucinations and mental lapses
Hallucinogens Mescaline/Peyote Common Names Mesc, button, cactus Medical Use None Side Effects Distortion, increased heart rate, raised blood pressure, hallucinations and mental lapses
Phencyclidien Hallucinogens Common Names PCP, angel dust, hog, love-boat, lovely, killer weed Medical Use None Side Effects Confused sensory impressions
Hallucinogens Psilocybine (active ingredient in wild mushrooms) Common Names shrooms, shrooming Medical Use None Side Effects Visual/auditory hallucinations
Hallucinogens Volatile (Deliriant and Inhalant) Common Names Fumes of gasoline, glue, lighter fluid, nail polish Medical Use None Side Effects Excitement, hallucinations, impair judgment, can permanently damage nervoussystem
Narcotics Cocaine (Crack, stimulant) Common Names Coke, snow, lady flake, white blow, nose candy, big C, snowbirds, crack, freebase, rocks, rock, paste basuco Medical Use Formerly a painkiller, anxiety, tactile Side Effects Hallucinations, paranoia, slurred speech, euphoria, confusion
Narcotics Opiates Common Names Codeine, heroin, methadone, morphine, opium, percodan, darvon Medical Use Pain killer Side Effects Drowsiness, apathy, stupor, nausea, vomiting, slowed reactions
Narcotics Designer Drugs Common Names Ecstasy, XTC, MDNA, MDMA Medical Use To treat depression
Causes of Fatigue Fatigue is that state following a period of mental or bodily activity characterized by a lessened capacity for work and reduced efficiency of accomplishment Normal Fatigue Disruption of Circadian Rhythm Sleep period danger: 12:00 am to 6:00 am Sleep period danger: 1:00 pm to 3:00 pm Emotional Fatigue Disease-induced Fatigue
Physical Fatigue Symptoms Tired Muscles General Body Sensation of Tiredness Sleepiness A Tired Feeling in Head
Physical Fatigue Symptoms Localized Pain in Back of Head Pain and Soreness in Muscles Stiffness in Joints Swelling of Hands and Feet
Mental Fatigue Symptoms Inability to Keep Fixed Attention Impaired Memory Failure To Grasp New Ideas Difficulty/Slowness in Reasoning
Delaying Fatigue Onset Avoid Long Drives Unless Fit Avoid Leaning Forward Avoid Driving Long Stretches Keep Your Eyes Moving Let In Fresh Air
Delaying Fatigue Symptoms Change Drivers at Regular Intervals Wear Your Safety Belt Avoid Getting Angry Proper Adjustment of HVAC
Drowsy Drivers Can Kill According to the United States Department of Transportation, drowsiness or fatigue plays a role in one to ten percent of the 20 million automobile accidents which occur each year in the United States. Sleep-related crashes are most common in young people (ages 18 to 25) who stay up too late, sleep too little, and drive at night. Studies suggest that 20% to 30% of those with non- traditional work schedules have had a sleep-related driving mishap within the last year. Truck drivers, who drive at night when the body is sleepiest, are especially susceptible to sleep- related crashes. Over 30 million Americans are afflicted with sleep disorders like sleep apnea, narcolepsy and chronic insomnia. All lead to excessive sleepiness. Most people with sleep disorders remain undiagnosed and are at high risk for a sleep-related accident.
Drowsy Drivers Can Kill Studies conducted at Stanford University's Sleep Research Center confirm that after the first sleep event drivers cannot predict the next time they will drift off the road. There is a significant chance that the second or third time a driver drifts it may be into the median -- or into another vehicle. Studies also show that it doesn't take a full night's sleep to restore some attentiveness. A 15 minute nap can sometimes restore enough alertness to safely drive for a while. Eventually though, the sleep deficit must be paid up with a full night's rest.
Driving and sleep Warning Signs of Fatigue while driving: Can't remember the last few miles Experience wandering or disconnected thoughts Have difficulty focusing or keeping eyes open Have trouble keeping head up Drift from the lane Yawn repeatedly If you are frequently sleepy during the day, contact your physician or sleep disorder center for diagnosis.
TIPS FOR AVOIDING SLEEP- RELATED ACCIDENTS: Get a good night's sleep (the average person requires 8 hours) Plan to drive long trips with a companion. Conversation Relieves tiredness and monotony, so share driving. Take a break every 2 hours or 100 miles. Get out and do some exercise or take a 15-20 minute nap. Avoid alcohol and medications that could impair performance Keep the car cool and listen to lively music Watch your posture - slouching brings on fatigue
Unit Assignment Prepare a 2-3 page paper addressing the physiological, psychological or sociological factors that appear to influence the crash records of the various groups of persons using the HTS, giving specific attention to age and gender. Send paper to dritzel@siu.edu