Spine Surgery: Techniques, Complication Avoidance, and Management. 2 Volume Set Benzel, E ISBN-13: 9781437705874 Table of Contents SECTION 1 - HISTORY 1 - History 2 - History of Spine Instrumentation - The Modern Era 3 - History of Spine Biomechanics SECTION 2 - THE FUNDAMENTALS 4 - Differential Diagnosis of Surgical Disorders of the Spine 5 - Functional Anatomy of the Spine 6 - Muscular Support of the Spine 7 - Anatomy and Physiology of Congenital Spinal Lesions 8 - Anatomy and Pathophysiology of Acquired Spinal Disorders 9 - Neural Injury at the Molecular Level 10 - Pathophysiology of Cervical Myelopathy: Biomechanics and Deformative Stress 11 - Anatomy of Nerve Root Compression, Nerve Root Tethering, and Spinal Instability 12 - Physical and Neurological Examination 13 - Intervertebral Disc Process of Degeneration: Physiology & Pathophysiology 14 - Definition and Assessment of Dysfunctional Segmented Motion 15 - Bone Modeling and Remodeling 16 - The Biology of Spine Fusion 17 - Spine Fusion: Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Bone-Bone Interface 18 - Bone Void Fillers: Bone and Bone Substitutes 19 - Osteointegration 20 - Materials and Material Properties 21 - Biomechanical Testing 22 - Computational Modeling of the Spine 23 - Intervertebral Disc: Anatomy, Physiology, and Aging 24 - Intradiscal Pressure 25 - Fundamentals of Spine Surgery 26 - Preoperative and Surgical Planning for Avoiding Complications 27 - Patient Selection for Spine Surgery 28 - Masqueraders of Spinal Pathology 29 - Data Management 30 - Practical Anatomy and Fundamental Biomechanics
31 - Applied Anatomy of the Cervical Spine 32 - Applied Anatomy of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine SECTION 3 - EXTRASPINAL Anatomy and Surgical Approaches and Exposures of the Vertebral Column 33 - Occipital-Cervical Region 34 - The Cervical Spine and Cervicothoracic Junction 35 - Extraspinal Anatomy and Surgical Approaches to Thoracic Spnie 36 - The Lumbar and Sacral Spine SECTION 4 - Surgical Procedures 4.1 DECOMPRESSION AND ARTHRODESIS OF THE CERVICAL SPINE 37 - Upper Cervical and Craniocervical Decompression 38 - Upper Cervical and Occipitocervical Arthrodesis 39 - Ventral and Ventrolateral Subaxial Decompression 40 - Single and Multiple-Single Interbody Fusion Techniques 41 - Threaded Cylindrical Interbody Cage Fixation for Cervical Spondylosis and OPLL 42 - Cervical Interbody Strut Techniques 43 - Interbody Cages 44 - Cervical Laminectomy and Laminoforaminotomy 45 - Cervical Skip Corpectomy 46 - Cervical Laminoplasty 47 - Interspinous, Laminar, and Facet Fusion 48 - Combined Ventral-Dorsal Surgery 49 - Percutaneous and Minimally Invasive Approaches to Decompression & Arthrodesis of the Cervical Spine 4.2 DECOMPRESSION AND ARTHRODESIS OF THE THORACIC AND LUMBAR SPINE 50 - Ventral and Ventrolateral Spine Decompression and Fusion 51 - The Lateral Extracavitary Approach to the Thoracolumbar Spine 52 - Retropleural Approach to the Ventral Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Spine 53 - Laminotomy, Laminectomy, Laminoplasty, and Foraminotomy 54 - Posterior and Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion 55 - Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion 56 - Lumbar Interbody Cages 57 - Dorsal and Lateral Thoracic and Lumbar Fusion 58 - Indication for Spine Fusion for Axial Pain 59 - The Black Disc: Diagnosis and Treatment of Discogenic Back Pain 60 - Percutaneous and Minimally Invasive Approahes to Decompression and Arthodesis of the Thoraco- Lumbar Spine 61 - Thoracoscopic Corpectomy and Reconstruction 4.3 TRAUMA 62 - Classification of Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures 63 - Trauma Surgery: Occipito-Cervical Junction 64 - Subaxial Cervical Spine Injuries
65 - Trauma Surgery: Cervical Spine 66 - Trauma Surgery: Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Junction 67 - Trauma Surgery: Lumbar and Sacral Fractures 68 - Surgical Indications in Spine Trauma 69 - Non-Operative Management and Treatment of Spinal Injuries 70 - Medical Management of Adult and Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury 71 - Spinal Injuries in Sports 72 - Emerging Therapies for Spinal Cord Injury 73 - Penetrating Spinal Cord Injuries 74 - Timing of Surgery Following Spinal Cord Injury 75 - Evaluation of the Cervical Spine After Trauma 4.4 DISCECTOMY 76 - Cervical Discectomy 77 - Thoracic Discectomy 78 - Lumbar Discectomy 79 - Management of Soft Cervical Disc Herniation: Controversies and Complication Avoidance 80 - Recurrent Lumbar Disc Herniation 81 - Minimally Access and Percutaneous Lumbar Discectomy 4.5 ARTHRITIDES AND RELATED DISORDERS 82 - Cervical Spondylosis 83 - Thoracic and Lumbar Spondylosis 84 - Spondylolisthesis: Sagittal Plane Lumbar Spine Deformity Correction 85 - Degenerative Rotatory Scoliosis: Three-Dimensional Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Deformity Correction 86 - Rheumatoid Arthritis 87 - Ankylosing Spondylitis and Related Disorders 88 - Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament 89 - Scheuermannâ s Disease 90 - Spinal Deformity: Measuring, Defining, and Classifying 4.6 DEFORMITY CORRECTION PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES 91 - Spine Deformity and Correction: The Fundamentals 92 - Craniocervical Junction Deformities 93 - Subaxial Cervical Deformities 94 - Cervical Facet Dislocations: A Ventral Surgical Strategy for Decompression, Reduction, and Stabilization 95 - Kyphotic Cervical Deformity 96 - Scoliotic Cervical Deformity 97 - Adult Thoracic and Lumbar Deformities 98 - An Approach for Treatment of Complex Adult Spinal Deformity 99 - Deformity Surgery for Ankylosing Spondylitis 100 - Pediatric Spinal Deformities and Deformity Correction
4.7 TUMORS, VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS, AND RELATED LESIONS 101 - Intramedullary Spinal Cord Lesions 102 - Intradural Extramedullary Spinal Lesions 103 - Spinal Intradural Vascular Malformations 104 - Spinal Dural Vascular Malformations 105 - Cauda Equina Syndrome 106 - Primary Bony Spinal Lesions 107 - Spondylectomy for Spinal Tumors 108 - Prognostic Factors, Surgical Outcomes, and Guidelines for Managing Metastatic Spinal Cancer 109 - Staging, Classification, and Oncologic Approaches for Metastic Tumors Involving the Spine 110 - Metabolic Bone Disease 111 - Tumors at the Foramen Magnum: Regional Challenges 112 - Cervio-Thoracic Junction Tumors: Regional Challenges 113 - Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Spinal Tumors: Regional Challenges 114 - Sacral Tumors: Regional Challenges 115 - Tarlov Cysts 4.8 PEDIATRIC SPINAL SURGERY AND RELATED CONDITIONS 116 - Occult Spinal Dysraphism and the Tethered Spinal Cord 117 - Myelomeningocele and Associated Anomalies 118 - Anterior Sacral Meningocele 119 - Chiari Malformation and Syringomyelia 120 - Chiari Malformation, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and Fibromyalgia: A Paradigm for Care 4.9 ADJUNCTIVE SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 121 - Omental Transposistion and Spine Surgery: Emphasis on Revascularization and Scar Prevention 122 - Wound Closure 123 - Bone Graft Harvesting 124 - Vascularized Bone Grafts in Spinal Surgery 125 - Pain and Spasticity 126 - Minimally Invasive Spinal Decompression and Stabilization Techniques I 127 - Minimally Invasive Spinal Decompression & Stabilization Techniques II: Thoracic and Lumbar Endoscopic Approaches 128 - Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty 129 - The Obese Patient 130 - Spine Surgery - Smoking and the Spine 131 - The Geriatric Patient 132 - Surgery of the Sympathetic Nervous System 133 - Arachnoiditis and Syringomyelia 134 - Post-traumatic and Idiopathic Syringomyelia 135 - Complications of Peripheral Nerve Surgery SECTION 5 - Spinal Instrumentation
136 - Basic Biomechanically Relevant Anatomy 137 - Spinal Implant Attributes: Distraction, Compression, and Three-Point Bending 138 - Implant Attributes: Cantilever Beam Fixation 139 - Cervical Spine Fusion using Dynamic Ventral Cervical Plating 140 - Cervical Spine Construct Design 141 - Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Construct Design 142 - Upper Cervical Screw Fixation Techniques 143 - High Cervical and Occipitocervical Plate, Rod, Wire, and Bone Techniques 144 - Ventral Subaxial Cervical Fixation Techniques 145 - Subsidence and Dynamic Cervical Spine Stabilization 146 - Ventral and Lateral Thoracic and Lumbar Fixation Techniques 147 - Dorsal Subaxial Cervical Instrumentation Techniques 148 - Dorsal Thoracic and Lumbar Screw Fixation and Pedicle Fixation Techniques 149 - Dorsal Thoracic and Lumbar Simple Hook-Rod, Wire and Wire-Rod Techniques 150 - Dorsal Thoracic and Lumbar Universal Spinal Instrumentation Techniques 151 - Dorsal Thoracic and Lumbar Combined and Complex Techniques 152 - Complex Lumbosacropelvic Fixation Techniques 153 - Iatrogenic Spine Destabilization 154 - Lumbar Facet Fixation Techniques 155 - Para-coccygeal Trans-sacral Approach to the Lumbo-Sacral Junction for Interbody Fusion and Stabilization SECTION 6 - MOTION PRESERVATION STRATEGIES 156 - To Not Operate 157 - Motion Sparing, Non-Implant Surgery: (A) Cervical Spine; (B) Lumbar Spine 158 - Adjacent Segment Degeneration & Disease of the Cervical and Lumbar Spine 159 - Biomechanics of Motion Preservation Techniques 160 - Cervical Total Disc Arthroplasty 161 - Lumbar Total Disc Arthroplasty 162 - Second Generation Total Disc Arthroplasty 163 - Nuclear Replacement 164 - Dorsal Dynamic Spine Stabilization 165 - Artificial Facet Joint 166 - Interspinous Bumpers 167 - Total Disc Arthroplasty - Associated Complications 168 - Explant Analysis of Wear, Degradation, and Fatigue in Motion Preserving Spinal Implants SECTION 7 - ADJUNCTS TO SURGERY 169 - Surgical Incisions, Positioning, and Retraction 170 - Blood Loss 171 - Imaging: Trauma 172 - Degenerative Disease and Infection: Role of Imaging
173 - Overview of Imaging Procedures Available for Spinal Diagnosis 174 - Postoperative Imaging 175 - Intraoperative Imaging 176 - Stereotactic Radiosurgery for the Treatment of Spinal Metastases 177 - Somatosensory Evoked Potential for Spinal Surgery 178 - Electrodiagnostic Studies 179 - Intraoperative Nonparalytic Monitoring SECTION 8 - NONSURGICAL MANAGEMENT 180 - Anesthesia 181 - Advances in Anesthesia for Spine Surgery and the Prevention of Complications 182 - Perioperative Management 183 - Medical Management of the Patient with Acute Spinal Cord Injury 184 - Nutritional Care of the Spinal Cord Injured Patient 185 - Skin and Wound Care 186 - Spinal Traction 187 - Orthoses: Complication Prevention and Management 188 - Medical Management of Neck and Low Back Pain 189 - Non-Operative Management of Neck and Back Pain 190 - Psychosocial Aspects and Work-related Issues Regarding Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease 191 - Interventional Non-Operative Management of Neck and Back Pain 192 - Intradiscal Electrothermy SECTION 9 - SPECIFIC COMPLICATIONS: AVOIDANCE AND MANAGEMENT 193 - Neurologic Complications of Common Spinal Operations 194 - Vascular and Soft-Tissue Complications 195 - Postoperative Spinal Deformities 196 - Arachnoiditis 197 - Spine Infection 198 - The Prevention of Operative Infections: An Evidence-based Approach 199 - Medical Complications 200 - Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistula and Pseudomeningocele After Spine Surgery 201 - Nonunion 202 - Spinal Reoperations 203 - Intraoperative Crisis Management in Spine Surgery: What to do When Things Go Bad **THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS WILL ONLY BE ON-LINE AND NOT IN THE PRINTED TEXT** SECTION 10 - POSTSCRIPT 204 - Ethical and Mediocolegal Aspects of Spinal Surgery 205 - Conflicts of Interest and Conflict Management
206 - Economics and Practice Management 207 - The Rationale for Practice Hygiene: Coding, Reimbursement, and Nomenclature 208 - Education of the Spine Surgeons 209 - Education and Knowledge-Base Acquisition and Retention 210 - The Art of the Clinical Trial 211 - The Meaningful Retrospective Analysis 212 - Art and Science of Guideline Formation SECTION 11 - CONTROVERSIES 213 - Anterior Cervical Corpectomy and Fusion: To Plate or Not To Plate To Not Plate To Plate 214 - Cervical Spondylosis with Minimal Myelopathy: To Decompress or Not To Decompress To Decompress Not To Decompress 215 - Bilateral Locked Cervical Facets with Incomplete Myelopathy: Open Versus Closed Reduction Open Reduction Closed Reduction 216 - Cervical Spine Fusion: Allograft Versus Autograft Argument for Allograft Argument for Autograft 217 - Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures with Ventral Mass Lesion: Ventral Versus Dorsal Operation Ventral Decompression and Stabilization Dorsal Decompression and Stabilization 218 - Reoperation for Failed Spinal Fusion: Augmentation of Fusion with Spinal Stimulation Argument Against Bone Growth Stimulator Argument for Bone Growth Stimulator 219 - Management of a Patient with Thoracolumbar Fracture with Complete Myelopathy and a 40Â Kyphotic Deformity: Operative or Recumbent Management Operative Management Recumbent Management 220 - Management of Symptomatic Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Vertebroplasty Kyphoplasty 221 - Management of Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament Cervical Laminoplasty - Open Door Laminoplasty - French Door Laminectomy Ventral Approach: Smith-Robinson Approach
Ventral Approach: Open Window Corpectomy 222 - Spondylotic Myelopathy with Cervical Kyphotic Deformity Ventral Approach Dorsal Approach Combined Ventral and Dorsal Approach 223 - Management of Cervical Disc Herniation Dorsal Laminoforaminotomy Plus Discectomy Ventral Cervical Discectomy and Fusion with Allograft or BMP and Plating Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion with Autograft and Without Plating Anterior Cervical Discectomy with Artificial Disc 224 - Management of a 45-year old with Mechanical Low Back Pain and with or without L4/5 Spondylolisthesis and No Neurological Findings Non-Operative Management Spinal Fusion - Ventral Approach Spinal Fusion - Dorsal Approach Spinal Fusion - Dorsal & Ventral Approach Total Disc Arthroplasty Nuclear Replacement 225 - Management of Traumatic Unilateral Jumped Cervical Facet Joint Without Myelopathy Closed Traction Reduction Then Surgery Open Reduction 226 - Management of Traumatic Bilateral Jumped Cervical Facet Joints in a Patient with Incomplete Myelopathy Closed Traction Reduction Then Surgery Open Reduction 227 - Management of Traumatic Bilateral Jumped Cervical Facet Joints in a Patient with Complete Myelopathy Closed Traction Reduction Then Surgery Open Reduction 228 - Timing of Decompression Surgery for Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in a Patient with an Incomplete Myelopathy Postural Non-Operative Management Emergent Surgery Non-Emergent Surgery 229 - Timing of Decompression Surgery for Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in a Patient with Complete Myelopathy Postural Non-Operative Management Emergent Surgery Non-Emergent Surgery 230 - Medical Management of Acute Spinal Cord Injury Administration of High-Dose Steroids No Administration of Steroids 231 - Traumatic Central Cord Syndrome
Early Surgery Delayed Surgery 232 - Cervical Disc Herniation with Radiculopathy Anterior Cervical Discectomy with Interbody Fusion Anterior Cervical Discectomy with Interbody Fusion with Plating Anterior Cervical Discectomy with Artificial Disc Spacer Anterior Cervical Discectomy without Fusion (management of cervical disc herniation & cervical disc herniation with radiculopathy) Laminoforaminotomy 233 - Traumatic Assymtomatic Vertebral Artery Injury Secondary to Facet Fracture Dislocation Do Nothing Endovascular Management Medical (anticoagulation) Management 234 - Lumbar Fusion versus Total Disc Arthroplasty for Mechanical Low Back Pain Fusion Total Disc Arthroplasty