MULTIPLE CHOICE: 1. We usually adapt our behavior to the demands of the social situation, and in ambiguous situations: A) We take our cues from the behavior of others. B) We will do the same thing that we did the last time we were in a situation resembling the present one. C) We will do as we please D) We will fall back on old, reliable patterns of behavior. 2. Most people learn to size up their social circumstances and conform their behavior to situational demands. The responses they make depend heavily on two factors: the social roles they play and of the group. A) Members B) Inhibitions C) Male to female ratio D) Norms 3. In addition to specific social roles, groups develop many unwritten rules for the ways that members should act. What are these unwritten rules called? A) Scripts B) Perceptions C) Prejudice D) Norms 4. The Asch studies looked at the issue of: A) Displacement B) Conformity C) Cognitive dissonance D) Discrimination 5. Asch identified three factors that influence whether a person will yield to group pressure: (1) the size of the majority (2), the size of the discrepancy and (3): A) The presence of a partner who dissented from the majority B) The presence of an authority figure C) The physical setting in which the experiment took place D) The age of the individual Page 1 of 8
6. When you vote in a group, as is common in clubs or on boards of directors, you are more likely to go along with the majority if: A) You are all from the same culture B) You can vote by secret ballot C) The issue being decided is complex or confusing D) Nobody else seems to know what they are talking about 7. In a dramatic experiment, Stanley Milgram showed that a willingness to follow brutal, and even potentially lethal, orders: A) Is NOT confined to a few extreme personalities or deranged individuals B) Is prevalent in about 5% of the US population C) Is confined to a few extreme personalities or deranged individuals. D) Is a trait seen more in men than in women 8. The likelihood that someone will aid another in an emergency: A) Decreases when the number of bystanders increases B) Depends on the attractiveness of the person needing help C) Is greatest during daylight hours D) Increases when the number of bystanders increases 9. The judgments we make about others depend not only on their behavior but: A) Also the age difference between the observer and the person being observed B) Also the time of day C) Also on our interpretation of the social situation D) Also the motivational state of the individual 10. In brief, reward theory says that we like best those who give us maximum rewards A) With great involvement on our part B) On a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement C) In the shortest amount of time D) At minimum cost 11. Studies show that best predicts our closest relationships A) Similarity B) Physical attractiveness C) Frequent contact D) Political and religious beliefs Page 2 of 8
12. The principle of proximity (nearness) also accounts for the fact that: A) Many people end up married to the boy or girl next door B) People tend to associate with individuals similar to themselves C) People tend to enter the same occupations as their parents did. D) Opposites attract 13. The similarity principle also explains why teenagers: A) Are most likely to make friends among those who share their political and religious views B) Have arguments with their parents C) Choose the careers they do D) Are so skilled at discrimination learning 14. Attractive children: A) Tend to have higher IQ's than homely children B) Are more cooperative than other children C) Are judged as happier and more competent than their peers D) Think quite differently from other children 15. Across many studies, involving a variety of characteristics including intelligence and femininity, overwhelmed everything else as the best predictor of how well a person would be liked after a first meeting. n A) Sincerity B) Physical attractiveness C) Masculinity D) Independence 16. While both males and females are strongly influenced by physical attractiveness: A) Kindness in a relationship is more important for men than it is for women B) Men and women value looks equally in importance C) Women are more influenced by looks than are men D) Men seem to be more influenced by looks than are women Page 3 of 8
17. The Stanford Prison experiment illustrated the power of the to influence people s behavior. A) personality B) genetics C) the situation D) childhood experiences E) none of the above 18. Although physically attractive people are seen as more poised, sociable, independent, exciting, sexual and successful, they are also perceived as: A) More conservative B) Not particularly bright C) More vain and materialistic D) Not very well-adjusted 19. In general, cognitive dissonance theory says that when people¹s cognitions and actions are in conflict (dissonance): A) They often come to despise the things they have suffered for. B) They remain loyal to their peer group C) They often reduce the conflict by changing their thinking to fit their behavior D) They will eventually change their actions and bring them in line with their established beliefs. 20. Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that: A) Buyer's remorse is more prevalent in collectivist cultures than it is in individualistic cultures. B) Having comfortable seats bolsters movie audiences' ratings of a show. C) People are attracted to those for whom they have agreed to suffer D) People are attracted to those who have similar physical characteristics 21. Social psychologists have found that we tend to attribute other people¹s actions and misfortunes: A) To personal stereotypes we may have about people B) To their personal traits, rather than to situational forces C) To situational forces, rather than their personal traits D) To innate perceptual processes Page 4 of 8
22. Psychologists call the tendency to emphasize personal traits and ignore situational influences: A) Perceptual constancy B) The fundamental attribution error C) Cognitive dissonance D) The error of belief 23. When things go well, most people attribute their own success to internal factors, such as motivation, talent, or skill. But when things go poorly, they attribute failure to external factors beyond their control. Psychologists have dubbed this tendency: A) The self-serving bias B) The reward theory of attraction C) Fundamental attribution error D) Cognitive dissonance 24. Dissimilarity and Social Distance can foster: A) Inter-group harmony B) Tolerance C) Attraction between people D) Discrimination and prejudice 25. We should distinguish prejudice from discrimination, a related concept. While prejudice is an attitude, discrimination is: A) An idea B) A hypothesis C) A concept D) A behavior 26. In Ashe s experiments, which of the following produced a decrease in conformity? A) The task was ambiguous or difficult B) The subject responded publicly C) There was no unanimity D) The group was large E) All of the above F) None of the above Page 5 of 8
27. In Milgram s experiment, what proportion of the teacher s went all the way to the final shock value? A) two out of three B) one in ten C) three out of a hundred D) ninety-nine out of 100 28. In an emergency situation what would be your best chance of getting help? A) When there were a lot of people around B) When there is only one or two people around C) When there are groups of people around who know each other D) where there are exactly 7 people around including yourself 29. According to the Robber Cave experiment, the best was to reduce conflict between groups is to do what? A) Increase communications B) Increase competition C) Increase cooperation D) Increase diversification E) Increase time spent together F) None of the above 30. Which of the following is true about social distance. A) Prejudice increases social distance. B) An in-group serves to decrease social distance toward newcomers. C) As the social distance increase, the probability of prejudice increases. D) As the social distance decreases, the probability of prejudice increases. E) As the social distance increase, the probability of prejudice decreases. F) The best was to decrease social distance is the use of scapegoating. G) All of the above are true. H) None of the above are true, Page 6 of 8
TRUE OR FALSE: 31. We usually adapt our behavior to the demands of the social situation, and in ambiguous situations we take our cues from the behavior of others. 32. Dress codes would be an example of norms. 33. A person is likely to conform when a judgment task is easy and straightforward. 34. Stanley Milgram discovered that an authoritarian personality motivated subjects who administered the most shocks to the "learner" in the study. 35. In cases of bystander intervention, personality tests revealed significant differences between bystanders who helped and those who did nothing to help. 36. The judgments we make about others depend not only on their behavior but also on our interpretation of the social situation. 37. In brief, reward theory says that we like best those who give us maximum rewards at minimum cost. 38. The proximity rule says that "opposites attract." 39. Attractive children are judged as happier and more competent than their peers. 40. In general, cognitive dissonance theory says that when people¹s cognitions and actions are in conflict (dissonance) they often reduce the conflict by changing their thinking to fit their behavior. Page 7 of 8
41. Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that people are attracted to those for whom they have agreed to suffer. 42. Social psychologists have found that we tend to attribute other people¹s actions and misfortunes to situational forces, rather than to their personal traits. 43. Fundamental attribution error is more pervasive in individualistic cultures than it is in collectivist cultures. 44. Some social psychologists have said that when you perceive someone to be unlike the people in your in-group, you mentally place that person at a greater social distance than members of your own group. You are then less likely to view that individual as a social equal. 45. The images used to depict groups of people in film, in print, and on television may reflect and reinforce prejudicial social norms. Page 8 of 8