Name: Class: 1. Asexual reproduction primarily involves the process of 1) pollination 3) spermatogenesis 2) mitosis 4) ovulation The Living Environment Ms. Fazio Base your answers to questions 4 and 5 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. 2. If an organism reproduces asexually, its offspring will most likely be 1) produced from specialized cells known as gametes 2) genetically identical to the parent 3) produced as a result of fertilization 4) genetically different from each other 3. Which statement correctly describes the genetic makeup of the sperm cells produced by a human male? 1) Each cell has pairs of chromosomes and the cells are usually genetically different. 2) Each cell has half the normal number of chromosomes and the cells are usually genetically different. 3) Each cell has half the normal number of chromosomes and the cells are usually genetically identical. 4) Each cell has pairs of chromosomes and the cells are usually genetically identical. 4. What would most likely happen if structure C was blocked at the X? 1) Sperm could not be transported to the outside of the body. 2) Sex hormones would no longer be produced. 3) Urine could not be discharged from the urinary bladder. 4) Sperm production would increase. 5. Which structure is part of both the reproductive and excretory systems? 1) E 3) C 2) B 4) D 6. The diagram below represents two human cells. These cells are a direct result of 1) mitotic cell division 3) fertilization 2) sex linkage 4) gametogenesis 7. The development of specialized tissues and organs in a multicellular organism directly results from 1) cloning 3) differentiation 2) evolution 4) meiosis
8. The diagram below illustrates some of the changes that occur during gamete formation. Which graph best represents the changes in the amount of DNA in one of the cells at each stage? 1) 2) 3) 4) 9. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below. For each statement select the structure, chosen from the diagram below, that is most closely related to that statement. Fertilization normally takes place in this structure. 1) 1 3) 3 2) 2 4) 4 10. One difference between cell division in plant cells and in animal cells is that 1) a double nucleus forms in animal cells but not in plant cells 2) plants form a cell plate between daughter cells but animals do not 3) centrioles form in plant cells but not in animal cells 4) more cytoplasm forms in animal cells than in plant cells
Base your answers to questions 11 and 12 on the diagrams below and on your knowledge of biology. 11. Gametogenesis occurs within structures 1) B and I 2) E and G 3) A and J 4) D and H 12. Which structures are directly affected by hormones involved in the menstrual cycle? 1) I and J 2) G and I 3) C and E 4) A and D 13. The process of mitotic cell division normally results in the production of 1) two cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell 2) four cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell 3) one cell with a replicated set of homologous chromosomes 4) two cells with only one chromosome from each set of homologous chromosomes 14. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents the human female reproductive system. 15. The female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone are produced in the 1) umbilical cord 3) uterus 2) ovaries 4) pituitary gland 16. After a series of cell divisions, an embryo develops different types of body cells such as muscle cells, nerve cells, and blood cells. This development occurs because 1) some parts of the genetic materials are lost as a result of fertilization 2) different genetic instructions are synthesized to meet the needs of new types of cells 3) different segments of the genetic instructions are used to produce different types of cells 4) the genetic code changes as the cells divide 17. Each body cell of a chimpanzee contains 48 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would normally be present in a gamete produced by this chimpanzee? 1) 48 3) 24 2) 36 4) 96 In which part of this system does a fetus usually develop? 1) A 3) C 2) B 4) D 18. The uncontrolled division of certain body cells, which then invade the surrounding tissues and interfere with the normal functioning of the body, is known as 1) cleavage 3) cancer 2) regeneration 4) oogenesis 19. One function of the placenta in a human is to 1) permit passage of nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus 2) allow for mixing of maternal blood with fetal blood 3) act as the heart of the fetus, pumping blood until the fetus is born 4) surround the embryo and protect it from shock
20. The diagram below illustrates the process of cell division. What is the significance of anaphase in this process? 1) In anaphase, the cell splits in half. 2) In anaphase, the DNA is being replicated. 3) Anaphase usually ensures that each daughter cell has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. 4) Anaphase usually ensures that each daughter cell has twice as many chromosomes as the parent cell.
Base your answers to questions 21 through 24 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Stem Cells If skin is cut, the wound closes within days. If a leg is broken, the fracture will usually mend if the bone is set correctly. Almost all human tissue can repair itself to some extent. Much of this repair is due to the activity of stem cells. These cells resemble those of a developing embryo in their ability to reproduce repeatedly, forming exact copies of themselves. They may also form many other different kinds of cells. Stem cells in bone marrow offer a dramatic example. They can give rise to all of the structures in the blood: red blood cells, platelets, and various types of white blood cells. Other stem cells may produce the various components of the skin, liver, or intestinal lining. The brain of an adult human can sometimes compensate for damage by making new connections among surviving nerve cells (neurons). For many years, most biologists believed that the brain could not repair itself because it lacked stem cells that would produce new neurons. A recent discovery, however, indicates that a mature human brain does produce neurons routinely at one site, the hippocampus, an area important to memory and learning. This discovery raises the prospect that stem cells that make new neurons in one part of the brain might be found in other areas. If investigators can learn how to cause existing stem cells to produce useful numbers of functional nerve cells, it might be possible to correct a number of disorders involving damage to neurons such as Alzheimer s disease, Parkinson s disease, stroke, and brain injuries. 21. What is the process by which stem cells produce exact copies of themselves? 1) glucose synthesis 2) sexual reproduction 3) cell division by mitosis 4) cell division by meiosis 22. Until recently, many biologists thought that the brain could not repair itself because they thought it 1) could not make new connections between neurons 3) lacked stem cells needed to produce new neurons 2) could form new cells only in certain areas of the brain 4) had DNA different from DNA in reproductive cells 23. Stem cells may be similar to the cells of a developing embryo because both cell types can 1) help the brain to learn and remember things 3) cause Alzheimer s and Parkinson s diseases 2) divide and differentiate 4) produce only one type of cell 24. Describe how this new discovery concerning stem cells might help to treat diseases such as Alzheimer s disease or Parkinson s disease. 25. Complex organisms produce sex cells that unite during fertilization, forming a single cell known as 1) an embryo 3) a gamete 2) a zygote 4) a gonad 26. The chromatids of a double-stranded chromosome are held together at a region known as the 1) centriole 3) centromere 2) polar body 4) Golgi complex 27. Which process is most directly involved in the production of egg cells by a female frog? 1) meiosis 3) metamorphosis 2) regeneration 4) cleavage 28. Toxins can harm a developing fetus. They usually enter the fetus by the process of 1) recombination of genes from the fetus and mother 2) active transport from the ovary 3) diffusion across placental membranes 4) blood flow from the mother to the fetus 29. Offspring that result from meiosis and fertilization each have 1) gene combinations identical to those of each parent 2) twice as many chromosomes as their parents 3) gene combinations different from those of either parent 4) one-half as many chromosomes as their parents
30. The diagram below represents processes involved in human reproduction. Which row in the chart below correctly identifies the processes represented by the letters in the diagram? 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 31. The diagram below represents reproduction of single-celled organism A, which has a normal chromosome number of 8. In the circles representing offspring 1 and offspring 2, write the number of chromosomes that result from the normal asexual reproduction of organism A.
32. Base your answer to the following question on the information and data tables below and on your knowledge of biology. Use one or more complete sentences to answer each question. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can cause the class of birth defect known as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Scientists do not yet understand the process by which alcohol causes damage to the fetus. There is evidence, however, that the more a pregnant woman drinks, the greater the chances that the child will be affected and the birth defects will be serious. Some evidence indicates that even low levels of alcohol consumption can cause intellectual and behavioral problems. Do the data in the tables justify scientists' conclusions that alcohol causes physical abnormalities at birth by interfering with the normal development of the fetus? Defend your position with supporting data. 33. Write one or more paragraphs that compare the two methods of reproduction, asexual and sexual. Your answer must include at least: one similarity between the two methods one difference between the two methods one example of an organism that reproduces by asexual reproduction one example of an organism that reproduces by sexual reproduction
Answer Key 1. 2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 1 5. 2 6. 4 7. 3 8. 2 9. 4 10. 2 11. 2 12. 2 13. 1 14. 4 15. 2 16. 3 17. 3 29. 3 30. 2 31. The chromosome number in offspring 1 and in offspring 2 is 8. 32. Yes. The babies whose mothers drank alcohol were smaller (2,555 g and 46.8 cm) than the babies whose mother did not drink alcohol (3,094 g and 50.1 cm). 33. The student should write one or more paragraphs comparing asexual and sexual reproduction. Appropriate responses may include, but are not limited to, the following: Similarities between asexual and sexual reproduction: both produce new organisms both transfer genetic material Differences between asexual and sexual reproduction: no fusion of nuclei in asexual reproduction; fusion of gamete nuclei in sexual reproduction asexual reproduction involves no sex cells; sexual reproduction involves sex cells, the sperm and the egg Offspring of asexual reproduction is from one parent; offspring of sexual reproduction is from a combination of two parents' DNA; in asexual reproduction, there is little or no variation (e.g., binary fission); in sexual reproduction, there is greater variation Examples of organisms that reproduce by asexual reproduction: bacteria - hydra yeast - planaria ameba - bread mold Examples of organisms that reproduce by sexual reproduction: humans - fish most animals - earthworms grasshoppers flowering plants 18. 3 19. 1 20. 3 21. 3 22. 3 23. 2 24. Examples: Existing stem cells could be made to produce functional nerve cells in damaged brain areas. Damaged neurons could be restored by the activity of stem cells. 25. 2 26. 3 27. 1 28. 3
Name Class Date 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Name Class Date 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. Diagram on Separate Sheet 32. 33.
31.