Fattening steers on corn, rice products, and rice straw

Luisiana State University LSU Digital Cmmns LSU Agricultural Experiment Statin Reprts LSU AgCenter 1945 Fattening steers n crn, rice prducts, and rice straw M G. Snell Fllw this and additinal wrks at: http://digitalcmmns.lsu.edu/agexp Recmmended Citatin Snell, M G., "Fattening steers n crn, rice prducts, and rice straw" (1945). LSU Agricultural Experiment Statin Reprts. 142. http://digitalcmmns.lsu.edu/agexp/142 This Article is brught t yu fr free and pen access by the LSU AgCenter at LSU Digital Cmmns. It has been accepted fr inclusin in LSU Agricultural Experiment Statin Reprts by an authrized administratr f LSU Digital Cmmns. Fr mre infrmatin, please cntact gcste1@lsu.edu.

Luisiana Bulletin N. 389 February, 1945 FATTENING STEERS ON CORN, RICE AND RICE STRAW PRODUCTS, By M. G. Snell, C. I. Bray, F. L. Mrrisn, and M. E. Jacksn In cperatin with Swift and C., Lake Charles, Luisiana LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS W. G. Taggart, Directr

SUMMARY 1. Ratins cmpsed principally f rice by-prducts prduced gd gains n fattening steers. Due t high price levels n rice feeds the prfits frm feeding these were nt as great as frm feeding a crn and cttnseed meal ratin. The relative values fr the rice prducts cmpared t crn in these tests were nt as high when fed t steers as when fed in mixed ratins t. swine r pultry. Rice bran and plish might have shwn higher values if cmbined with ther feeds, with sme ther rughage than rice straw. 2. Rice plish ranked secnd t crn as a fattening cncentrate, with a feeding value f 86% t 89% that f crn, cnsiderably less than its value in fattening swine. A small reductin in the price f rice plish wuld have made rice plish as prfitable as crn. Rice plish might preferably be fed in cmbinatin with ther cncentrates, rather than as the nly carbhydrate cncentrate. 3. Grund rugh rice prduced satisfactry gains but shuld sell at 84% t 86% the price f crn t be a prfitable stck feed. Where rugh rice csts mre than crn it is t expensive t feed at a prfit. 4. Chicken-feed rice shwed an estimated value f 70% t 72% that f crn. It might have been mre satisfactry if grund. Chicken-feed rice has shwn a much higher value when fed t lambs. 5. Rice bran, when used as the nly carbhydrate cncentrate, was nt entirely satisfactry fr fattening steers, shwing a value f nly 64% t 68% the value f crn. Steers fed principally n rice bran sld fr the lwest prices per 100 punds, and made the lwest gains per day. Rice bran shwed t better advantage in cmbinatin with crn r mlasses. Its greatest advantage is its lw price cmpared t crn. 6. Rice straw, supplemented with a small amunt f alfalfa hay and grund ystershell was a mre ecnmical rughage than mixed legume and ^rass hay at the prices paid in 1942. The value f rice straw as a feed is generally underestimated. Gd rice straw has abut 9/10 the nutrients cntained in gd at straw, and frm 75% t 80% the digestible nutrients in sme f the grass hays. If fed in dry lt, that is, withut access t green frage, sme well cured legume hay f gd clr will supply Vitamin A, which is necessary t gd gains n fattening steers.

FATTENING STEERS ON CORN, RICE AND RICE STRAW PRODUCTS, By M. G. Snell, C. I. Bray, F. L. Mrrisn, and M. E. Jacksn In cperatin with Swift and C., Lake Charles, Luisiana Luisiana's rice prductin is cnfined largely t twenty parishes in the suthern sectin f the state, but is nly grwn t any appreciable extent in abut ten parishes in the suthwestern part. These ten parishes prduce 95% f the ttal rice grwn. As a cash crp, rice ranks secnd nly t cttn in the state, prducing in 1943 an estimated cash return f ver $42,000,000. The rice industry furnishes as by-prducts a supply f feeds such as rice bran, rice plish, rice screenings r fine brken particles f plished rice, chickenfeed rice which is largely brken rugh rice remved in thrashing, and rice straw. In sme years, certain grades f damaged rugh rice are used fr feeding. As mre than 30% f the beef cattle f the state are prduced in the ten parishes referred t abve, the cmbinatin f rice prducts, rice straw, mlasses and cattle makes this sectin a ptential feeding area. These experiments at Lake Charles were planned in 1939 by Dr. M. G. Snell, Assciate Animal Husbandman, in cperatin with Swift and" Cmpany f Lake Charles, Luisiana, the cattle and feed being furnished by Swift and Cmpany and supervisin and labr furnished by the Luisiana Experiment Statin. The experimental wrk was first in charge f Mr. F. L. Mrrisn, Research Assistant, given military leave in Nvember 1940, and succeeded by Murl Jacksn. Dr. Snell was called int military service in February 1941; was cmmissined as Majr in the fall f that year; sent t the Philippines in Nvember f that same year, and made a prisner f war at the fall f Bataan. C. I. Bray assumed charge f the wrk frm the fall f 1941. The Luisiana Experiment Statin and the cattiemen f Luisiana are indebted t Swift and Cmpany fr prviding the equipment and cattle which made this experimental wrk pssible, and fr the cperatin f the fficials f the cmpany at the Lake Charles Branch, particularly Mr. Jhn T. Pwell, frmer manager f the plant, V. A. Gilpin, present manager, and Rbert T. Harper, superintendent and head buyer f the Swift stck yards.

J TABLE L Prductin f Rice in the United States and Luisiana in 1942 With Estimated Percentage f Mill By-Prducts United States Luisiana Rice prductin bushels barrels 66,333,000 18,426,000 25,758,000 7,155,000 Estimated By-Prducts Per Cent Tns Tns Rice bran Rice plish Brewers' rice - Rice screenings 8.64 1.85 2.10 3.10 100,000 21,310 24,142 35,650 38,630 8,278 9,379 13,950 Ttal ther than rugh rice Chicken feed rice 0.5 181,102 7,100 70,237 2,759 Ttal feed prducts tns 188,202 72,996 OFFICIAL DEFINITIONS OF RICE BY-PRODUCTS AS ADOPTED BY AMERICAN FEED CONTROL OFFICIALS* Rice Bran is the pericarp r bran layer f the rice, with nly such quantity f hull fragments as is unavidable in the regular milling f rice. Rice Plish is a by-prduct f rice btained in the.milling peratin f brushing the grain t plish the kernel. Rice Meal is grund brwn rice r grund rice after the hull has been remved. Grund Rugh Rice is grund rice frm which the hull has nt been remved, r grund paddy rice. Rice Stne Bran is the siftings frm the materials secured in remving hulls frm rice and cntains rice germs, brken rice and sme rice hulls. Rice HuUer Bran is a prduct secured by the huller and cnes frm brwn rice and cnsists mstly f the bran and germs. * Reprts f Analyses f Cmmercial Feed Stuffs. Seasn f 1939-40. Luisiana Department f Agriculture and Immigratin. FEED NUTRIENTS AND MINERALS IN RICE FEEDS The fllwing table, adapted frm Mrrisn's Feeds and Feeding, 20th editin, shws the digestible nutrients f rice prducts cmpared with crn and ther cmmn feedstuffs. 4

j 1 TABLE II. Percentage f Prtein, Ttal Nutrients, Fiber and Calcium and Phsphrus in Rice Feeds Cmpared t Other Cmmn Feeds Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent Mineral Elements Dry Digestible Fiber Digestible Matter Prtein Ttal Nutrients Calcium Phsphrus 1 i 1 j 1 1 I Rice plish 90.5 9.3 3.0 85.7 0.04 N. 1 crn 87.2 7.3 2.3 83.5 0.01 N. 3 crn 83.5 7.0 2.2 79.0 0.01 Brewers' rice 88.0 5.4 0.8 79.7 0.04 Wheat shrts 90.1 15.1 6.2 76.3 0.09 Wheat bran.90.6 13.1 9.5 70.2 0.12 Rice bran 91.1 8.8 13.0 67.7 0.08 Rice, bran, lw grade 90.1 5.3 20.2 45.2 Rugh rice 88.6 6.3 8.8 69.1 1.10 0.28 0.27 0.10 0.72 1.32 1.36 0.21 1 The Prcess f Milling The wrk f the rice miller is t remve the hulls, germs, and uter seed catings f the rice grain in such a way as t leave a high percentage f whle grains r head rice with a lw percentage f brken grains, such as secnd heads, screenings, and brewers rice. The rugh rice is first put thrugh a cleaning prcess t remve dirt, trash, lng beards, stems, and light r blighted grains, and ges next t the hulling stnes which crack r split the hulls. The mixture f partially hulled rice and hulls is then put thrugh a revlving screen called the "stne reel" r a shaker called a "rtex", which separates ut all fine particles f hulls, rice germs and true bran. This material is called "stne bran" which has a much larger percentage f fiber than huller bran. The lse hulls are remved by aspiratin r screening and used as fuel. Any remaining unhulled grains are separated ut by the paddy separatr and passed thrugh anther set f huller stnes t cmplete the hulling prcess. The hulled brwn rice ges next thrugh the machines, incrrectly called "hullers", which remve the "huller bran", with which we are mst familiar, which is remved by the first-break and secndbreak bran reels, r the rtex machine. In a few mills the hulled rice may next be put thrugh a "pearling cne" where a finer bran is remved, knwn as pearling cne plish r cne meal. This is smetimes sld separately, but may be mixed at sme mills with the huller bran r mixed with the plish. The rice grains next g thrugh the "brush" r plishing machine which remves the rest f the seventh cat r aleurne layer, tgether with sme starch cells, prducing a fine cream-clred flury material knwn as rice plish r plishings. This prduct cntains very little fiber but mre nutritive material than any ther rice by-prduct. The plished rice then ges t the brewers reel which takes ut the 5

rice particles averaging less than ne-quarter grain, knwn as brewers rice. The whle grains and larger brken parts will then g thrugh the grading machines and are separated int head rice, secnd heads and rice screenings. Brewers rice is nt used at the present time as stck feed but the lwer grades f rice screenings are smetimes used.* Rice Bran DISCUSSION OF RICE FEEDS Rice bran is the principal by-prduct f the rice milling industry. It is a lw priced feed, medium in prtein cntent, high in fat, and high in phsphrus but lw in calcium. Rice bran cntains abut 84% as much calculated digestible nutrients as N. 2 crn. The bran prteins are f gd quality and appear t supplement the prteins f crn in such a way that when crn and rice bran are fed tgether, the tw prteins cmbined are mre effectively utilized than where either is fed alne. Rice bran has a high fat cntent. In the early days there was cnsiderable truble with bran becming rancid in ht weather, making it unpalatable t livestck. This has been largely vercme in mdern mills by thrugh drying f the rice befre milling and als by kiln drying the rice bran t destry the rgan- causing rancidity. isms which break dwn the fats, Since rice bran, like crn, is lw in calcium (lime), animals n ratins cntaining much rice bran shuld have a mineral supplement cntaining fine grund ystershell r grund lime stne. Lw-grade rice bran may cntain large amunts f hulls. The percentage f fiber will indicate the prprtin f hulls. Accrding t Fraps (8) rice bran with 8% fiber cntains little r n hulls, 10% fiber indicates abut 6.4% hulls, and 15% fiber indicates ver 20% hulls. Rice bran t be sld as such in Luisiana must cntain nt mre than 12% fiber. The better grades f rice bran average 9% fiber. In buying rice bran it is imprtant t see that it has been inspected and tagged, with a guaranteed analysis. Rice Plish Rice plish is a cncentrated and highly digestible feed f fine texture, quite palatable t livestck. Very lw in fiber, it cntains mre prtein and fat than crn and a higher percentage f digestible nutrients. The prteins f rice plish are better balanced than the prteins f crn (13). Rice plish shuld be cnsidered as a fattening feed rather than a prtein cncentrate. Because it is s highly cncentrated, and f such fine texture, it is particularly suitable fr feeding in mixtures with ther feeds. Rugh Rice During sme seasns a certain amunt f rice is damaged by rain s that it brings a relatively lw price cmpared t high grade * Rice and Rice By-prducts fr Swine. La. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 386. 6

rice. This damaged rice is frequently used in the rice area fr feeding dairy cattle, mules, hgs and pultry. The presence f red rice lwers the market value f the rice but prbably des nt affect the feeding value. When there is a strng demand fr rice, as at present, lw grade rice des nt sell sufficiently belw crn prices t be prfitable as feed. Rugh rice fr feeding shuld be grund sufficiently s that the hulls are made int a meal. Chicken-Feed Rice Chicken-feed rice is made up f particles f brken rugh rice remved in threshing, tgether with weed seeds, grass seeds, dirt and ther freign materials. The percentage f rice grain will vary cnsiderably. There is nly a limited amunt f this material, and practically all f it is fed lcally. The feed value will depend almst entirely n the percentage f sund brken rice cntained. One sample analyzed cntained 86% rice grain; 8.8% dirt r inert matter; and 5.2% grass and weed seeds. If rugh rice is wrth 88% as much as crn, then chicken-feed rice cntaining 86% rice grain wuld be abut equal t 75% its weight f crn, which checks clsely with the 73% value reprted in these tests. Chicken-feed rice shuld prbably be grund fr feeding cattle. Rice Screenings and Brewers Rice Rice screenings and brewers rice are the brken parts f milled rice grain separated during milling and plishing. A barrel f rice prduces abut 26 punds f brken rice, graded accrding t size int apprximately 9 punds f secnd-head milled rice, 12 punds screenings-milled rice, and 5 punds brewers rice, depending n the milling. Secnd head rice and high grade screenings are used almst entirely fr human cnsumptin r fr the manufacture f rice flur and rice paste. Brewers rice, which is the smaller particles f brken rice, is nw used almst entirely in the brewing industry. Only the lwer grades f screenings are used fr stck feed. Screenings and brewers rice are apprximately equal in value fr feeding. Brewers rice r rice screenings used in cmparisn with crn in pasture feeding experiments with steers in 1932 prved t be practically equal t crn (3). Rice Straw Steers fed rice straw as the principal rughage made gd gains; where fine-grund ystershell was prvided t supply calcium and with a small amunt f gd green clred alfalfa hay t supply Vitamin A.* The rice straw shwed a feeding value apprximately equal t ne third its weight f legume hay; but was mre prfitable than hay at 1941 feed prices. Analyses shw that rice straw is nt greatly lwer in nutrients than at straw, r cttnseed hulls. 7

Percentage Cmpsitin and Digestible Nutrients in Straws, Hay and Hulls Ttal Nitrgen Digestible Ttal Dig. Ttal Ttal Free Extract Prtein Nutrients Fiber Fat (Sluble carbhydrates) Oat Straw 0.9 44.1 36.1 2.3 41.2 Wheat Straw 0.8 35.7 35.7 1.5 40.9 Rice Straw 0.9 39.4 33.5 1.4 39.2 Cttnseed hulls 0.8 43.7 46.6 0.9 36.7 Sudan grass hay 4.3 48.5 27.9 1.6 42.9 Sme rice straw will naturally be f mre value than ther straw depending n the stage at which the rice is cut and the amunt f rainfall and expsure t weather after cutting, and hw well it has been prtected in the stack. * Vitamin A, fund principally in green grass, green clred legume hay, yellw crn, carrts, yellw sweet ptates, silage, etc. is the vitamin which prtects against night blindness. It is absent in straw, cttnseed meal, cttnseed hulls, and in the cereal grasses and cereal by-prducts, aside frm yellw crn and yellw crn prducts. Experiments at the - Texas (Spur) Statin have shwn that ne pund f high c[uality green clred alfalfa hay per day prevented blindness in calves fed a Vitamin A deficient ratin fr a perid f 502 days while thse nt fed this hay went cmpletely blind in 139 days. (Prceedings f the American Sciety f Animal Prductin. 1938) Rice Hulls There has been sme interest in the pssibility f using rice hulls as feed. In the early days sme millers were accustmed t mix varius amunts f grund rice hulls with the rice bran, and with ther feeds. While there is a small amunt f feed value in grund rice hulls, there is n evidence t shw any nticeable advantage in their use. The principal bjectin t grund rice hulls is their use in adulterating ther feeds and their inclusin in such feed mixtures as the mlasses feeds r s called "sweet" feeds, and ther mixed feeds. Grund rice hulls are hard t distinguish frm sme gd mill feeds except n micrscpical examinatin. The feeding value is at best s lw that even fr the maintenance f stcker cattle grund hulls are wrth less than lw grade straw. Early tests at the Texas statin shwed that rice hulls had little r n value. In a recent test at the Texas statin, 1938, J. M. Jnes and thers (10) reprted that finely grund rice hulls even when fed in small quantities t fattening steers, replacing cttnseed hulls, reduced gains, increased cst f gains, and decreased the sale value f the cattle. EARLY INVESTIGATIONS ON RICE FEEDS One f the earliest recrds regarding the feeding f rice prducts in Luisiana is fund in La. Exp. Sta. Bui. 34 (18) published in 1895, by Directr W. C. Stubbs and D. N. Barrw, and in a later bulletin. Rice (19), published by W. C. Stubbs, W. R. Ddsn and G. A. Brwne, Jr. in 1904. These reprts indicated that the rice by-prducts were being used t sme extent as cattle feed in these days, althugh the feeding trials reprted in these bulletins were simple digestin trials nly. The rice bran used in 1895 was reprted t cntain 16% 8

rice hulls and 25% grits (brewers rice) and had an apparent digestibility f 61.57c cmpared t 84.6% fr rice plish. Previus t 1880 rice bran had been an unsaleable prduct and was given away by the mills. Brwne reprts that the analyses f rice prducts in Luisiana were begun at the Audubn Sugar Experiment Statin (Luisiana) in 1887 at which time attentin was called fr the first time t the feeding value f these prducts. Pure rice bran was then sld as "rice meal" and was cnsidered t be the mst nutritius f the rice feeds. Cmmercial rice bran was at that time a mixture f bran and grund rice hulls, the quantity f the latter being any amunt frm 207c t 707c. Rice hulls were ften grund separately and sld as "husk meal" r "star bran". Large amunts f rice phsh and rice bran were exprted t Germany. Rice grits, nw knwn as brewers rice, was frequently mixed with the rice phsh and rice bran. In thse days there was cnsiderable truble frm rancidity in rice bran if kept any length f time. Due t this rancidity rice bran was reprted as unpalatable and was usually mixed with cttnseed meal in feeding. It was recmmended that millers shuld heat their bran t 200 F r higher in rder t prevent rancidity. Sme f the earhest wrk reprted n feeding rice bran t beef cattle was cnducted at the Texas Statin. An early reprt by Craig and Marshall (5) in 1903 stated that thi-ee punds f rice bran replaced tw punds f cttnseed meal in fattening ratins, increased gains, and lwered csts per pund gain. Rice plish als increased gains and lwered csts, when added t a meal and hulls ratin. EXPERIMENTS WITH RICE PRODUCTS AND ROUGH RICE AT OTHER STATIONS Rugh Rice Craig and Marshall (6), Texas, 1906, reprted feeding steers grund rugh rice with cttnseed meal, cttnseed hulls and hay. The gains were satisfactry althugh the csts were higher where grund rugh rice was used. Cruse (7) at the same statin reprted that grund rugh rice added t cttnseed meal and hulls prduced higher gains but nt cheaper gains. Whle rugh rice prduced scurs and blating. Weaver and Mffett (21), Missuri Statin, fed grund rugh rice in cmparisn with crn in fattening steers. They reprted that grund rugh rice was palatable t cattle but was wrth nly 76.3% as much as shelled crn. The gains prduced n rugh rice were 15.67c lwer than with crn. Rice Bran and Rice Plish Knx and thers (14), Texas, substituted 3.85 punds f rice bran fr part f the grund mil and cttnseed in a steer fattening ratin. They reprted increased gains and lwer csts per pund gain when rice bran cst $9.00 per tn and grund mil $13.10. One tn f rice bran replaced 2,131 punds f grund mil, 175 punds 9

cttnseed meal and 700 punds f hay. The rice bran amunted t 20% f the cncentrate ratin. The gains were increased.21 punds per day and the net prfits increased $3.26 per steer. Evidently the rice bran made a gd supplement t grund mil. Jnes and thers (9)^ Texas, 1935, fed rice bran at three different levels replacing part f a ratin f grund shelled crn, cttnseed meal, alfalfa hay and grass hay. The rice bran replaced respectively 25%, 40% and 50% f the crn in the varius ratins. The lt receiving 25% rice bran made the highest gain per day 2.30 punds as cmpared t 2.11 punds fr the ratin f crn alne, 2.19 punds fr the lt receiving 40% rice bran and 2.17 punds fr the lt receiving 50% rice bran. Rice bran at $30.00 per tn was mre prfitable than crn at $37.20 per tn, r cttnseed meal at $42.00 per tn. The lt receiving 25% bran sld fr the highest price 40c abve the crn lt and made the greatest prfit per head. Thse receiving 50% bran graded the lwest and made a prfit abve crn and cttnseed meal. RICE PRODUCTS FOR FATTENING CATTLE The experiments reprted in this bulletin were cnducted in very little cperatin with Swift and Cmpany at the Swift plant near Lake Charles. Swift and C. prvided the feeding plant, which is equipped with strage rms fr feed and with six feeding pens with cncrete flrs, partly cvered by a shed rf. Swift and C. als supplied the cattle and feed. Labr and supervisin were furnished by the Luisiana Experiment Statin. Until March, 1941, the experimental wrk was in charge f Dr. M. G. Snell, assisted by F. L. Mrrisn and M. Jacksn ĖXPERIMENT I 1938-39 COMPARISONS OF CORN, GROUND ROUGH RICE, CHICKEN- FEED RICE, RICE POLISH AND RICE RRAN IN RATIONS FOR FATTENING STEERS Object f Test: T btain infrmatin n the relative feeding value f grund rugh rice, chicken-feed rice, rice plish, and rice bran, when fed with rice straw as rughage and with cttnseed meal as the prtein supplement. A check lt. Lt 1, was fed a ratin f crn, cttnseed meal, and rice straw. Cattle Used 1939: A mixed grup f Herefrd, AAgus, and native steers weighing r -^prximately 505 punds each; 10 steers t the lt. Cncentrate Ratins: Lt 1. Crn^, cttnseed meal*. Lt 2. Grund rugh rice^, cttnseed meal*. Lt 3. Chicken-feed rice^^, cttnseed meal*. Lt 4. Rice plish^'', cttnseed meal*. Lt 5. Rice plish", rice bran^, cttnseed meal*. Lt 6. Rice bran^^ cttnseed meal*. 10

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Kughage and Minerals The rughage used was rice straw, supplemented with ne feed f gd green alfalfa hay every tw weeks (abut 6 punds per steer) as a surce f Vitamin A. One-tenth f a pund f pwdered ystershell per steer per day was fed in the feed mixture. The cattle were started n 4 punds f feed mixture daily and gradually increased t 16 punds daily. The racks were kept full f straw at all times. Cttnseed meal was fed with the rice prducts at the rate f 25% f the cncentrate ratin. Results At the end f the test the cattle were slaughtered at the Swift plant and the dressing percentage, carcass grades, and slaughter values recrded fr each lt. The rate f gain, feed cnsumptin, feed per 100 punds gain, and sale values are given in Table III. Lt 1, n crn, made the greatest gain with the least feed required per unit f gain. Lt 4, n rice plish, made the next highest gains and was als very efficient in regard t feed cnsumed per 100 punds gain. Lt 2, n grund rugh rice, ranked next t rice plish. Lt 6, fed rice bran, made the lwest gains. Lt 3, fed chicken-feed rice, made the lwest prfit n accunt f the relatively high price f chicken-feed rice, but the gains were satisfactry. Using the feed requirement per unit f gain as a measure f value with crn cnsidered as 100 per cent, rice plish was 95 per cent as valuable as crn, grund rugh rice 93.7 per cent, chickenfeed rice 83.1 per cent, equal parts f rice plish and rice bran 81 per cent, and rice bran 76 per cent the value f crn, nt cnsidering any differences in the amunt f straw eaten. Slaughter Data Table IV gives the slaughter data f the varius lts, such as dressing percent, grade f carcass and value per 100 punds live weight, based n carcass value. TABLE IV. Cmparisn f Slaughter Value, Carcass Grade, and Dressing Per Cent f Cattle Fed Different Ratins, 1938-39 Average Slaughter Daily Dressing Carcass Value Per Lt Ratin Gain, Lbs. Per Cent Grade 100 Lbs. Live Wt. 1 Crn 2.54 54.42 3.6 $8.27 2 Rugh rice (grund) 2.38 54.74 3.4 8.24 3 Chicken-feed rice 2.10 53.82 4.0 7.95 4 Rice plish 2.41 55.16 3.7 8.41 5 Rice plish Rice bran 2.05 53.06 4.3 7.64 Vi 1 Vi \ 6 Rice bran 1.90 52.60 4.4 7.51 12

The grading scale used by Swift and Cmpany in this test begins at zer (0) fr the highest r prime grade and cntinues in numerical rder t six (6) the lwest r canner grade. Cnsequently a grade f 3.4 (Lt 2) is a full grade higher than a grade f 4.4 (Lt 6). Lt 2, fed rugh rice, graded slightly the highest (3.4) fllwed by the crn lt, then the rice plish lt, then chicken-feed rice, rice plish-rice bran cmbined, and lasdy rice bran alne. The experimental lts that made the mst rapid gains naturally had the highest finish and the best carcass grades. Financial Recrd Table V shws the initial cst f cattle and feed, sale value per 100 punds, and the sale price necessary t break even fr each lt. Generally speaking the fastest gaining lts prduced the best prfits, but this depends als n the prices f feeds. The bject in feeding is t make mney, which des nt necessarily mean the greatest gain, but the greatest spread between csts and sale value. The rice phsh lt (Lt 4) made smewhat the best prfit, fllwed in rder by crn, then grund rugh rice, rice bran, rice plish and rice bran cmbined, with chicken-feed rice last. Rice plish was bught at a much lwer price than crn in this test which explains the larger prfits n the plish-fed cattle. TABLE V. Financial Statement 1939 Lt 1 2 3 4 5 6 Crn Rugh Rice Chickenfeed Rice Rice Plish Plish and Bran Rice Bran Initial cst per cwt. Sale value per cwt. Necessary price t break even $ 5.45 8.27 6.92 $ 5.45 8.24 6.98 $ 5.45 7.95 7.34 $ 5.45 8.41 6.40 % 5.45 7.64 6.45 $ 5.45 7.51 6.28 Initial cst Feed Labr 27.60 24-40 2.80 27.33 24.07 2.80 27.60 21.08 2.80 27.51 19.26 2.80 27.54 17.10 2.80 27.58 14.94 2.80 Ttal cst per head 54.80 '54.20 5L48 49.57 47.44 45.32 Sale value per head Prfit 66.43 n.63 63.25 9.05 58.99 6.79 65.17 15.60 56.15 8.72 54.20 8.88 Hw Breeding and Quality Affects Gains and Prices Each feeding pen cntained seven steers that graded gd as feeders and three which graded cmmn. Table VI shws the relatinship between feeder grade, gains, and final value. It wuld nt be pssible t shw relative prfits withut knwing the amunt f feed eaten by each f the tw grades., 13

TABLE VI. Gains and Slaughter Data f Gd and Cmmn Cattle Gd Grade Cmmn Grade Initial weight, average 545.5 lbs. 411.1 lbs. Final weight 799.6 lbs. 654.2 lbs. Gain 254.1 lbs. 243.1 lbs. Daily gain 2.27 lbs. 2.16 lbs. Dressing percentage 54.42% 51.96% Feeder price per cwt. $ 5.35 $ 4.25 Feeder price per head $29.18 $17.47 Finish price per cwt. $ 8.28 $ 6.22 Finish price per head $66.20 $40.69 Increase in price per 100 lbs. during test $ 2.93 $ 1.97 Increased value per head $37.02 $23.22 The cmmn steers made nearly the same gains as the gd steers, and shwed a gd increase in value ver feeder cst. The gd steers shwed a higher dressing percentage, a higher carcass grade and a greater spread between feeder price and finished price than did the cmmn steers. EXPERIMENT II 1939 COMPARISONS OF CORN, GROUND ROUGH RICE, CHICKEN- FEED RICE, RICE POLISH AND RICE BRAN Cattle Used Sixty-six yearling steers f mixed breeding were divided equally accrding t weight, breeding and cnditin. The average weight was 455 punds. Cncentrate Ratins Lt 1. Crn"^, cttnseed meal*. Lt 2. Grund rugh rice^, cttnseed meal*. Lt 3. Chicken-feed rice^^, cttnseed meal*. Lt 4. Rice plish"^, cttnseed meal*. Lt 5. Rice plish^, rice bran^, cttnseed meal*. Lt 6. Rice bran^, cttnseed meal*. Rughage and Minerals Rice straw was fed in self-feeder racks as befre and was supplemented with a feed f alfalfa nce every tw weeks t supply Vitamin A. Fine-grund ystershell was fed with the cncentrate ratin at the rate f ne-tenth pund per steer daily. The cattle were started n 4 punds f cncentrates daily and gradually increased until the steers were cnsuming 20 punds per day. 14

Pi p«i V ij.'d u.2 s (U m ^ ^ (N (v^ I in in ON 'nt ^ ^. in ON tn in On NO (N in ir\ itn i< in cni rsi T-H eg I (V) r f~0 q O 1-H T-H 'st- * in in rv) (N I ON r CO CN I r ON O!>. vq ^ j>i d in r > I I in < ON cn m CNj v O Vd r-h t, cx) T-H vq r ON in ON (N r-h (N (N 00 r-. r->' 00 (v-i u u O. (N t-i in '^ci ' I ^ ^ CN in "-H rn ON (N in r-h On 0 I CN in CN " ^ (N t-s CN r in CX3 C30 (N < vd 00 in r-h (N <N ITN 00 ON in -a V.2? CO -5 r^ (U ^ S ^ cj > i:i Cl. < < f-h CO < Clw

Results As in the previus experiment the cattle were slaughtered by Swift and Cmpany and recrds made f the dressing percent, carcass grade, and sale value per 100 punds weight. Detailed results regarding rate f gain, feed cnsumptin, feed per 100 punds gained, etc. are given in Table VII. As in the previus trial the steers receiving grund shelled crn made the mst rapid and ecnmical gains, and again the rice phsh grup (Lt 4) was secnd in gains and in prfits. Hwever, in this trial Lt 3, fed chicken-feed rice, made faster gains than did the lt fed grund rugh rice and Lt 6, fed rice bran as the principal carbhydrate feed, made slightly better gains than thse fed a mixture f plish and bran. This result des nt check with the results f ther years and was evidently due t sme difference in the cattle. Slaughter Data Table VIII gives the dressing percentage, average carcass grade, and slaughter value f the steers in the varius lts. TABLE VIIL Gains, Dressing Percentage, Carcass Grade and Slaughter Value f Steers Fed n Rice and Rice Prducts. 1939. Average Slaughter Daily Gain Dressing Carcass Value Per Lt Ratin Lbs. Per Cent Grade* 100 Lbs.** 1 Grund crn 2.33 56.9 14.1 $8.25 2 Grund rugh rice 1.89 55.7 14.5 8.00 3 Chicken-feed rice 1.95 55.4 14.8 7.25 4 Rice push 2.14 55.2 14.3 8.00 5 Rice push Yi 1.78 56.5 14.4 7.75 Rice bran Yz 1 14.6 7.25 6 Rice bran 1.83 53.9 *Swift steer grades used in this test wcj - as fllws: 13 Select; 14 Swift; 15 Sanc. **Based n carcass values. The carcasses averaged medium in quality fr each lt. There was a difference f $1.00 per 100 punds in sale price between the crn lt, Lt 1, and Lts 3 and 6. Relative Prfits The crn and rice phsh lts were the nly tw grups which shwed a fair prfit, with the tw rice bran lts apparently breaking even. The lts fed grund rugh rice and chicken-feed rice shwed a lss. This was nt surprising since the grund rugh rice cst 32 cents mre per 100 punds than crn. If rugh rice has a feeding value f 82 per cent f that f crn, it must sell fr 82 per cent the price f crn t shw an equal prfit fr feeding. Chicken-feed rice, which has shwn a value 72 per cent the value f crn, cst 87 per cent the price f crn and was fed at a lss. 16

2^ Chicken-feed U <N (vj 00 ^ O ON ^ ^ r-l v in ON r-3 1< in {Nl r-h m (Nl NO CN I r^^ ON y-*^ ' in (NJ ' ' ON ON r i-h 1 1 O ON ON ON ON in Tl- NO ON ^ r^n On ON I 00 in NO ON NO O rri NO 00 O n 06 --H rr^ in 00 I On in \ 06 in > VO fn i-h CN ^ 1 ; O in ' ' in in in in r-^ <-H ON ON ON I I ON I (N CN --I r-h O 00 00 O 00 00 NO O.-^ NO (N CN in in 00 12 Rice.Rugh 12 Rice 4 Meal S. Gr C. 12 4 4 Meal S. C. ON 00 in --H NO 00 in CN 0^ ^ ^ (Nj" 0 NO in NO CN.2 4.44.1.014 15.16 15.16.2 3.85.1.011. 10.5 620.3 206.7 232.3 9.13 505.9 168.6 171.3 ^ 00 in t--> NO r-i -vt^ n cad r-h (N (Nl ^ % 00 NO 00 in rn ON 7.88 0 ^ t--! i-h i-h <vi CN in $ 7.41 46.53-1.92 52.12.18 ^ a-, is u Cm M I 3 2 ^ in 1 I Meal Crn S. NO 00 ON cn i I in 00 r-i r-i NO in ^ NO CN 15.16.2 2.5 :i.012 501.5 167.1 8.7 110.5 NO 0 (N in i>. 00 in cj NO --H ^ (N) (N in t-^ QO NO CO 00 CXD NO in -a <; Gr. C. H "5 < < S h40 6 > I I U -H "a 13 C - u p «, Id ^ ud «1-* «S 2 -! ^ 1; 215 > a, ^ ^ 'rt c/3 < D-

Cnclusin The feeding value f rugh rice given here checks clsely with results btained with swine and pultry by the Luisiana Statin. Rice bran was nt imprved by mixing with rice plish and did nt shw as high a value fr feeding steers as fr swine (4). EXPERIMENT III 1940-41 COMPARISONS OF CORN, GROUND ROUGH RICE, CHICKEN- FEED RICE, RICE POLISH AND RICE BRAN FOR FATTENING STEERS The cattle used were grade Angus yearlings weighing apprximately 412 punds; the feeds were the same as used in previus experiments, with n change in methds f feeding. The cattle were slaughtered and graded as in previus tests. The recrd f gains, daily ratin, feed per 100 punds gain and financial recrd are given in Table IX. Crn again prved the mst prfitable, with rice plish secnd. In this test, rugh rice was priced a few cents lwer than crn, and brke even n prfits. Chicken-feed rice and rice bran were fed at a lss. The mixture f rice plish and rice bran shwed up a little better than in 1939. Table X gives the dressing percentage, carcass grade, and slaughter value per 100 punds. The slaughter values were in accrdance with the rate f gain as in previus tests, als in regard t dressing percentage and carcass grade. TABLE X. Gains, Dressing Percentage, Carcass Grade, and Slaughter Value f Steers Fed Rice and Rice Prducts. 1940-41. Average Slaughter Daily Gain Dressing Carcass Value Per Lt Ratin Lbs. Per Cent Grade* 100 Lbs.** 1 Grund Crn 2.27 56.9 13.8 $8.47 2 Grund Rugh Rice 2.24 53.3 14.0 7.88 3 Chicken-feed rice 1.90 52.1 14.3 7.41 4 Rice Plish 2.01 55.3 14.0 8.06 5 Rice Bran Vi 1.92 53.3 14.5 7.56 Rice Plish Vi 6 Rice Bran 1.76 51.1 15.1 6.64 *Swift grades: 13 Select; 14 Swift; 15 Sanc. **Based n carcass values. 18

AVERAGE OF THREE EXPERIMENTS 1938-39, 1939-40, and 1940-41 Table XI gives the average weights, gains and feed cnsumptin fr the three years wrk, tgether with the margin f prfit ver feed cst. The results are largely the same as in the fii'st test. The crn ratin prved superir in gains and prfits, fllwed next by rice phsh. Grund rugh rice ranked clse t rice plish in rate f gain with chicken-feed rice next, fllwed by rice phsh and rice bran cmbined, with rice bran last. Due t the high cst f rugh rice and the lw cst f rice bran, the cmbinatin f rice plish and rice bran ranked next in prfit t rice plish, with rice bran alne next, then grund rugh rice, and chicken-feed rice last. Table XII gives the average sale and slaughter recrd fr the three years. Dressing percentage fllwed clsely rate f daily gain, and the same is true f carcass grades, and sales values per 100 punds weight. The greater prfits frm feeding rice bran cmpared t rice plish r grund rugh rice were due t the lw cst f rice bran which sld fr almst half the price f rugh rice. TABLE XIL Average Gains, Dressing Percentage, Carcass Grade, and Sale Value Three year average 1938-39, 1939-40, and 1940-41 Lt Carbhydrate Cncentrate Daily Gain Dressing Per Cent Average Carcass Grade* Sale Value Per Cwt.** 1 Grund shelled crn 2.37 56.07 13.8 $8.32 2 Grund rugh rice 2.16 54.23 14.0 8.04 3 Chicken-feed rice 1.99 53.77 14.3 7.53 4 Rice plish 2.19 55.22 14.0 8.16 5 Rice bran Vi I 1.91 54.28 14.4 7.65 Rice plish Vi \ 7.13 6 Rice bran 1.84 52.7 14.7 *Swift grades: 13 Select: 14 Swift; 15 Sanc. **Based n carcass values. SUMMARY OF THREE YEARS RESULTS 1. The crn ratin prduced the greatest gains and made the best prfits each year. 2. The rice phsh ratin prduced the secnd largest gains and made nearly as gd prfits as the crn ratins. With rice plish at 10c per 100 punds lwer, the cst per pund gain wuld have been the same as in the crn lt, althugh the prfits wuld nt have been quite as high, due t the higher sale price f the crn fed steers. 3. Grund rugh rice prduced satisfactry gains, but prfits were lw due t the high price f rugh rice. Rugh rice has abut 85% the feeding value f crn. 4. Rice bran prduced nly fair prfits when fed as the nly carbnaceus cncentrate r mixed with rice plish. Gains were lwest n this ratin. It is nt advisable t feed rice bran as the nly carbnaceus cncentrate in cmparisn with crn, unless it can be bught at a much lwer price. 19

cih Pi m f5 d u rn ir\ CO ON lr^ <Ni ' cni 0\ in rsi 0\ (N ITN O ^ ' n * U-N ITN OO O CN ^ '-; O ITN * rn ' i O O 'T; 1^ OO vr5 ^ (n1 0\,0\ ON r-h OO 04 CN I in CO ITS ! in ir\ ^ ^ O \ <x> r-j i/> T-H ; ^ cr\ O u-\ r u-\ T-i On ^ ir\ (NJ r-h T^ ^ CO < in CM '^t- CN O in in m t j>. T-H in t- CO (N* in ON --H r 1 cn CO vd (vj ^ U ^ U ^13 in CO CN in ON ^ ^ ^ in in ^ in ' CO r r-; in --H 'vf- vq (vj ^ T-H vd d i-h (vj CN m Tl- Tj- 06 r-j ON in ^ rs) in NO ^ r-^ r^i in d in ^ CO ^ ON ON 00 On CO ^ 00 ON CN (N CM in 00 d >: -Q 'rt ^ ^ h4 O i3 u > > > <<<< rt e > tn < ft-

5. Chicken-feed rice prduced the furth best gains but made the lwest prfits, n accunt f its relatively high price. The value f chicken-feed rice will depend n the amunt f rice grain it cntains. In this test chicken-feed rice shwed an estimated value f 73% that f crn. 6 The relative values f the rice feeds based n these experiments shw them t have the fllwing percentage rating fr steer feeding: Crn 100 Grund rugh rice 85.3 Chicken-feed rice 73.1 Rice plish 87.7 Rice bran 66.2 Rice bran 1 r^^a Rice plish V2 EXPERIMENT IV 1941-42 CORN, RICE PRODUCTS, MOLASSES, LEGUME HAY AND RICE STRAW FOR FATTENING STEERS In this feeding trial sme changes were made in the ratins used. Rice plish and rice bran were fed in cmbinatin with crn rather than as the nly carbnaceus cncentrate as in the three previus tests. Tw lts were given hay instead f rice straw, and tw lts received mlasses in additin, t replace part f the crn. The steers were gd Herefrd grades averaging ver 500 punds at the beginning f the test. It was nt pssible t get a unifrm grup f steers with respect t weight and cnditin. The heavier steers in each lt were marketed and slaughtered after 84 days, leaving the lighter catde t be fed an additinal 35 days. Mre steers were taken ut f Lts 2 and 5 than frm the thers, making the average number f days shghtly less in these lts. Tw steers were taken frm Lt 5 fr general unthriftiness and failure t gain. RATIONS FED Lt 1 Crn^', cttnseed meaf, rice straw. 2 Crn', cttnseed meap, rice bran', rice straw. 3 Crn', cttnseed meap, rice plish', rice straw. 4 Crn', cttnseed meaf, rice bran', legume hay. 5 Crn', cttnseed meal', rice bran', mlasses', rice straw. 6 Crn', cttnseed meap, rice bran', mlasses', legume hay. A small amunt f gd green alfalfa hay was fed weekly in all rice straw lts t supply vitamin A. The hay used in Lts 4 and 6 was lespedeza and grass hay. When n mre hay f this type culd be lcated, alfalfa was substituted fr the balance f the test. It was necessary t pay $19.00 per tri fr the lespedeza-grass hay and $28.60 The hay wuld Imjie-h^d t be bught r prduced fr fr the alfalfa. $14.00 per tn t have been as^^fitable^as rice straw at $7.60 per tn.

\0 rr) rr) rr) \0 rr) ^ CT) U (J S S 5 U U ^ rg 06 r^l r^i ^ ir\ r-j r (N ^ Osi un m 00 CN u-^ I/-) in I rv-i ^ (N) I > 00 in cn) ir\ r-; r-v CN ^ --h" r-j (N 00 f^" r-! i>! vd 00 ^ VO r-h M- r C30 O; r-^ rn r-! Cvl (Nj J>; J>; 06 (N) r4 VO 00 00 > I (Nl (N T I m r r-h ^ rsi H I in O O ITN O t< J>; a\ ^ ON ^ in I CN rsi in (N 06 fn ^ CN (N 00 r-l 06 i>! n 00 in 00 (N* in r-f n 4% (N ^ in \ ON ^ U U 'p^ ^_ O in 00 rn in rsi CN 00 Cvl CN i-h ^ rsi ^..a.y 75 ^ in in r ON J>! r-! i \ ^ in (N ON!>; O CN in 1 (N O l>i>n n 00,-1 in.-h' ^ n U U..y _CJ 4-- H-l (U 1 ^.-H G.S rt (U (U nj aj > > > > <<<< t! H!4 O " " 'U U P!^ W ps; J C J3 w ^ B cr r a "J u hf.a ^.y f ^ U U P^ CQ Pi > tn < Cl,

, rice Gain Table XIII gives the recrd f weights, gains, daily ratins and feed cnsumed per unit f gain. Due t high prices, less cncentrates were fed than in previus experiments. As crn, was fed in all lts, there was nt much variatin between the different lts either in gains r in feed required per unit f gain. Where rice bran was substituted fr part f the crn ratin the gains were lwered, but when rice bran and mlasses were substituted fr half the crn the gains were higher. The tw lts receiving hay made the highest gains but were less prfitable than the straw fed lts. Prfits were lw due t a narrw margin between buying and selling prices. The gains made were very favrable, but with a purchase price f $8.50 and a sale price ranging frm $9.70 t $10.15 there was nt enugh margin fr prfit with feed prices as high as they were in 1942. At farm prices fr steers, crn, and hay there culd have been a gd prfit in all lts. The slaughter recrds, including dressing percentage, and carcass grade are given in Table XIV. There was very little difference in grade r in sale value in the different lts. The difference in quality was nly.7 f a grade between the best and the prest lts. With the exceptin f the rice bran lt which graded lwest there was nly 2/10 f a grade between the remaining lts and nly 45c per 100 weight between the best and the prest lts n sale price. TABLE XIV. Average Gains, Dressing Percentage, Carcass Grade, and Sale Value Carbhydrate Daily Dressing Average Car- Sale Value Lt Cncentrate, Per Cent cass Grade* Per Cwt.** 1 Crn, cttnseed meal, rice straw 2.38 56.7 14.2 $10.15 2 Crn, cttnseed meal. bran, rice straw 2.16 55.4 14.8 9.70 3 Crn, cttnseed meal. rice plish, rice straw 2.20 55.8 14.4 9.97 4 Crn, cttnseed meal, rice bran, legume hay 2.51 56.9 14.3 10.07 5 Crn, c. s. meal, rice bran, mlasses, rice straw 2.37 55.4 14.3 9.77 6 Crn, c. s. meal, rice bran, mlasses. legume hay 2.36 56.6 14.1 10.05 *Grades between 14.0 and 14.9 are "Gd". '^*Based n carcass value. SUMMARY OF RESULTS 1. Rice straw at 20c per bale supplemented with a small amunt f gd alfalfa hay was mre ecnmical than legume hay at the prices paid. 2. Crn fed withut rice prducts was mre prfitable at 1942 prices than when rice prducts r mlasses were added. 3. The secnd highest prfits were made in Lt 5, fed crn, cttnseed meal, rice bran, mlasses, and rice straw. Had mlasses been available at the prices paid in previus years (90c per 100) this ratin wuld have been the mre prfitable. Mlasses will nt be available fr feeding during the war. 2S

4. Rice bran at $22.80 per tn was nt as prfitable as crn at $36.00 per tn. Lt 2 receiving crn and rice bran withut either mlasses r legume hay made lwer gains than any ther lt and the sale value was lwer. 5. Rice plish at $31.20 per tn was not as prfitable as crn at $36.00 per tn. The crn and rice plish lt (Lt 3) made less prfit than Lt 2 receiving rice bran althugh the gains were better and the sale price higher. 6. The substitutin f 33% mlasses fr an equal amunt f crn in Lt 5 increased the gains and increased the sale price. At 10c per galln, r 85c per 100 weight fr mlasses this lt wuld have been fed at a prfit. 7. Feeding legume-grass hay increased gains and selling prices and at farm prices the hay fed lts wuld have made a gd prfit. 8. Rice straw at $7.60 per tn was mre prfitable than hay at $19.50 per tn. The feeding value f rice bran and rice plish as shwn in these experiments, appears t be lw when cmpared with results btained in feeding swine and pultry. It may be that these rice feeds are nt as suitable fr fattening steers as fr feeding ther classes f livestck. These feeds might have shwn higher values if fed in smaller amunts in cmbinatin with ther feeds as is the case in swine feeding. It is prbable that these feeds d nt cmbine t gd advantage with rice straw as rughage. Just as the wheat prducts, wheat bran and middlings, have been fund better adapted t the feeding f milk cws, pultry and hgs, it may als be the case with rice bran and rice plish. If this is true, the prices fr these feeds will quite prperly be higher than the beef cattleman can affrd t pay fr feeding steers. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Rartn, H., A. R. Ness, and E. W. Cramptn. 1927. Rice meal fr fattening. McDnald Cllege, Prv. Que., Canada. Tec. Rul. N. 4. 2. Rray, C. 1. and C. W. Upp. 1933. VsAue f rice by-prducts as feeds. La. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rul. 242. 3. Rray, C. I. 1938. Fattening s Leers f different ages n pasture, with and withut grain, and influence f methd n quality f meat. La. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rul. 296. 4. Rray, C. I. 1943. Rice and rice by-prducts fr fattening swine! La. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rul. 386. 5. Craig, J. A. and F. R. Marshall. 1904. Experiments in steer feeding. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rul. 76. 24

6. Craig, J. A. and F. R. Marshall. 1906. Cattle feeding experiments. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 86. 7. Cruse, J. T. 1910. Feeding experiments with steers and hgs. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 135. 8. Fraps, G. S. 1916. The cmpsitin f rice and its by-prducts. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 191. 9. Jnes, J. M., J. H. Jnes, and J. H. Knx. 1935. Cattle feeding reprt. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Series N. 19. 10. Jnes, J. M., J. H. Jnes, and J. H. Knx. 1938. Grund rice hulls in the steer fattening ratin. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Prgress reprt 546. 11. Jacksn, J. E. 1938. Rice and rice by-prducts. Thesis. L. S. U. 12. Kerr, A. P. 1940. Reprt f analysis f feed stuffs. 13. Kik, M. C. 1942. Nutritive studies f rice and its by-prducts. Ark. Exp. Sta. Bui. 416. 14. Knx, J. H., J. H. Jnes and J. M. Jnes. 19 33. Rice bran as part f the grain ratin fr fattening yearling steers. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Cattle feeding reprt. Series 11. 15. Quesenberry, J. R. 1929. Steer feeding experiments in the sugarcane belt. U. S. D. A. Cir. N. 65. 16. Reed, J. B. and F. W. Liepsner. 1916. The by-prducts f rice milling. U. S. D. A. Bui. 570. 17. Sheets, E. W. and A. T. Semple. 1931. Rice and its by-prducts fr feeding livestck. U. S. D. A. Misc. Pubhcatin 132. 18. Stubbs, W. C. and D. N. Barrw. 1895. Cattle feeding; with results f trials. Luisiana Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 34. 19. Stubbs, W. C, W. R. Ddsn, and C. A. Brwne. 1904. Rice. La. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 77. 20. Upp, C. W. 1933. Rice and rice by-prducts as feeds fr laying hens. La. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 243. 21. Weaver, L. A. and H. G. Mffett. 1937. Rugh rice fr fattening cattle, sheep, and hgs. Missuri Exp. Sta. Bui. 386. 25

MIDDLETON LIBRARY DATE DUE LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY

S Luisiana Agricultural 67 ExperiiTient Statin. Bulletin E36 n«36li-389 LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY TROY H. MIDDLETON LIBRARY BATON ROUGE D nt remve slip frm pcket. In the event the bk is returned withut this slip, a penalty f $1.00 will be charged.