The Neem Tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss. and Other Meliaceous Plants Sources of Unique Natural Products for Integrated Pest Management, Medicine, Industry and Other Purposes Edited by In close cooperation with K.R.S. Ascher, M.B.Isman, M. Jacobson, CM. Ketkar, W. Kraus, H. Rembold, and R. C. Saxena Weinheim New York Basel Cambridge Tokyo
Table of Contents Foreword K. Maramorosch Introductory Remarks List of Contributors Acknowledgments 1 The Tree and Its Characteristics 1 1.1 Taxonomy 1 1.2 Common Names 2 1.3 Botanical Characteristics 2 1.4 Geographical Distribution 6 1.5 Ecology 9 1.6 Pests and Diseases, Parasitic Plants, Damage by Herbicides, and Disorders of Unknown Etiology 11 1.7 ^ Growth, arid Yield of Fruit 27 1.8 Propagation, Selection and Breeding 29 2 Biologically Active Ingredients 35 2.1 Azadirachtin and Other Triterpenoids W. Kraus 35 2.2 Diterpenoids and Nonterpenoidal Compounds 74 W. Kraus 2.3 Azadirachtin Content of Neem Seed Kernels from Different Regions of the World 89 K. Ermel 3 Effects on Viruses and Organisms 93 3.1 Viruses A. Eppler 93 3.2 Bacteria 106 ^ A. Eppler 3.3 Fungi 118 J.C. Locke
XX Table of Contents 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.9.1 3.9.1.1 3.9.1.2 3.9.1. 3 3.9.1. 4 3.9.1,,5 3.9.1,.6 3.9.1.7 3.9.2 3.9.2, 1 3.9.2,,2 3.9.2.3 3.9.2.4 3.9.2.5 3.9.2.6 3.9.2.7 3.9.2.8 3.9.2.9 3.9.2.10 3.9.2.11 Protozoa, Protozoans 127 Nematoda, Nematodes 129 V. Mojumder Mollusca, Molluscs 151 Crustacea, Crustaceans 153 I.F. Grant Acarina, Mites 161 F. Mansour and K.R.S. Ascher Insecta, Insects 167 Biological Effects of Neem and Their Modes of Action 167 Settling on Treated Hosts and Egg-laying Behavior 167 Feeding Behavior 171 W.M. Blaney and M.S.J. Simmonds Growth and Metamorphosis 177 H. Rembold Reproduction 195 and H. Rembold Activity (Fitness, Mobility, Vigor) 204 and H. Wilps Histopathology 210 U. Schluter Azadirachtins: Structure and Activity Relations in Case of Epilachna varivestis 222 H. Rembold and I. Puhlmann Effects by Order of Insecta:- Insects 231 Collembola: Springtails 231 Blattodea (Blattariae): Roaches or Cockroaches 231 K.R.S. Ascher Dermaptera: Earwigs 232 Caelifera: Short-horned Grasshoppers and Locusts 233 C.M.Y. Nicol, D.C. Assadsolimani and J. Langewald Ensifera: Crickets 248 Phasmida: Walkingsticks 249 Isoptera: Termites 249 Psocoptera: Booklice 251 Thysanoptera: Thrips 251 Phthiraptera: Sucking and Biting Lice 254 Heteroptera: True Bugs 255 A. Dorn
Table of Contents XXI 3.9.2.12 Homoptera: Leaf- and Planthoppers, Aphids, Psyllids, Whiteflies and Scale Insects 268 R.C. Saxena 3.9.2.13 Coleoptera: Beetles 286 3.9.2.14 Siphonaptera (Aphaniptera): Fleas 296 3.9.2.15 Hymenoptera: Bees and Wasps 297 3.9.2.16 Planipennia: Lacewings 298 3.9.2.17 Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths 299 MB. Isman 3.9.2.18 Diptera: Mosquitoes and Flies 318 H. Wilps 3.9.3 List of Insect Pests Susceptible to Neem Products 326 and R.P. Singh 3.10 Effects on Vertebrata: Vertebrates 366 4 Neem Products for Pest Management, Practical Results of Neem Application Against Arthropod Pests, and Probability of Development of Resistance 367 4.1 Neem Products for Integrated Pest Management 367 4.1.1 The Smallholder's Homemade Products 367 C. Hellpap and M. Dreyer 4.1.2 Commercial Products, Their Standardization and Problems of Quality Control 375 K. Ermel and H. Kleeberg 4.2 Practical Results with Neem Products Against Insect Pests, and Probability of Development of Resistance 385 4.2.1 Pests of Selected Field Crops 385 4.2.1.1 Corn 385 C. Hellpap 4.2.1.2 Oil Crops 390 C.P.W. Zebitz 4.2.1.3 Vegetables and Grain Legumes 392 H. Ostermann and M. Dreyer 4.2.1.4 Root and Tuber Crops 403 C.P.W. Zebitz 4.2.2 Fruit Trees 408 C.P.W. Zebitz 4.2.3 Forest, Ornamental Trees and Shrubs 412 4.2.4 Pests of the Household and Fabric 416
XXII Table of Contents 4.2.5 Pests of Stored Products 418 R.C. Saxena 4.2.6 Blood-sucking and Other Parasites of Man and Domestic Animals 433 4.2.7 Control of Pests of Ornamentals in Greenhouses in the U.S.A. with 'Margosan-O' 437 J.F. Knauss and J.F. Walter 4.2.8 Performance Profile for the Neem-based Insecticide'Align ' 445 T. Wood, W. Ruggero and R. Nelson 4.2.9 Results with Commercial Neem Formulations Produced in India 453 B.S. Parmar 4.2.10 Examples of Integrated Pest Management Programs Including Neem in Southern India 471 V. Mariappan and S. Jayaraj 4.3 Studies of the Probability of Development of Resistance of Plutella xylostella to Neem Products M. Vollinger 477 5 Toxicity of Neem to Vertebrates and Side Effects on Beneficial and Other Ecologically Important Non-target Organisms 484 5.1 Toxicity to Vertebrates 484 M. Jacobson 5.2 Side Effects on Beneficials and Other Ecologically Important Non-target Organisms 495 6 Various Uses of Neem Products 518 6.1 Medicinal Uses Including Pharmacology in Asia 518 AY. Ketkar and CM. Ketkar 6.2 Antifertility Effects and Population Control Agents M. Jacobson 526 6.3 Neem Seed Crush and Deoiled Cake as Manure and as Nitrification Inhibitors 531 CM. Ketkar and M.S. Ketkar 6.4 Neem Cake in Feeds for Domestic Animals CM. Ketkar and M.S. Ketkar 540 6.5 Soap Production from Mixtures of Neem Oil with Other Non-edible or Edible Oils 549 CM. Ketkar and M.S. Ketkar 6.6 Further Uses for the Neem Tree and its Products 554
Table of Contents XXIII 7 Economic, Socioeconomic and Policy Considerations, and Neem in Sociocultural Life in South Asia 559 7.1 Economic, Socioeconomic, and Policy Considerations on Neem's Current Use for Pest Management 559 S. Ahmed 7.2 Neem in Sociocultural Life in South Asia S.Ahmed 579 8 Other Meliaceous Plants Containing Ingredients for Pest Management and Further Purposes 585 8.1 Azadirachta spp. 585 8.1.1 The Thai Neem Tree: Azadirachta siamensis (VAL.) 585 K. Sombatsiri, K. Ermel and 8.1.2 The Sentang or Marrango Tree: Azadirachta excelsa (JACK) 598 and K. Ermel 8.2 Melia spp. 605 8.2.1 The Persian Lilac or Chinaberry Tree: Melia azedarach L. K.R.S. Ascher,, C.P.W. Zebitz and S.N.H. Naqvi 605 8.2.2 Melia toosendan SIEB. & ZUCC. 642 S.-F. Chiu 8.2.3 Melia volkemii GURKE 647 H. Rembold and R.W. Mwangi 8.3 Chemistry and Biological Activity of Ingredients of Other Species ofmeliaceae 652 M.B. Isman, J.T. Arnason and G.H.N. Towers Index of Contributors 667 Index of Scientific and Common Names of Animals, Plants, Microorganisms and Viruses 669 General Index 687