Psychodynamic Theories of Behavior Dr. Vijay Kumar
Freud s Theories, in Context Freud was originally trained as a Neurologist- biological approach to illness Treated mostly Hysteria (conversion disorders) Applied findings from abnormal patients to normal development
Freud: A Sign of the Times? Time period: late 1800 s Victorian times: conservative, repressed society Prohibitions against sex
Key Contributions of Freud Psychic Determinism/ Dynamic Model Topographical Model of the Mind Unconscious, Preconscious, Conscious Stages of Psychosexual Development Structural Model of the Mind Defense Mechanisms Transference and Countertransference
Basic Principles of Psychodynamics Freud sees people as passive; behaviors determined by interaction of external reality and internal drives Psychic Determinism: all behaviors driven by antecedent events, experiences. There are no accidents; nothing happens by chance
Basic Principles Pleasure Principle: constant drive to reduce tension thru expression of instinctual urges Mind is a dynamic (changing/active) process based on the Pleasure Principle
Basic Principles Libidinal (sexual, aggressive) instincts drive people In children libido isn t purely sexual, it s pleasure thru sensations (oral, anal gratification, etc.) Behaviors result from conflicts: Between instinctual libidinal drives (aggression, sex) and efforts to repress them from consciousness)
More Basic Principles The Cathartic Method Primary vs. Secondary Gain Transference and Countertransference Ego-Syntonic vs. Ego-Dystonic
Cathartic Method Therapy benefits thru release of pent-up tensions, catharsis Some inherent value in the talking cure - being able to unload, or get stuff off your mind
Primary vs. Secondary Gain Primary Gain: symptoms serve a purpose: they function to decrease intra-psychic conflict and distress by keeping such unpleasantries from conscious awareness
Primary Gain: Examples: Comfort of being taken care of thru assumption of the sick role Conversion Disorder- psychological conflict is converted into physical symptom that allows for more acceptable expression of an unacceptable wish
Secondary Gain Actual or external advantages that patients gain from their symptoms, or from being ill: Relief from duties, responsibilities (work) Prescription drugs (ex. Opiates) Manipulation in relationships Deferring of legal proceedings, exams Food, shelter, money (financial gain)
Transference Displacement (false attribution) of feelings, attitudes, behavioral expectations and attributes from important childhood relationships to current ones
Transference Traditionally refers to what the patient projects onto the therapist, but applies to other situations as well- ex. relationships in general Aka emotional baggage Occurs unconsciously (person s unaware they re doing it)
Countertransference Feelings toward another are based on your own past relationships/ experiences. Traditionally refers to the therapist projecting their own feelings ( issues, emotional baggage ) onto their patient
Ego-syntonic vs. dystonic Neurotic symptoms are distressing to the person, or ego-dystonic Vs. Character pathology, which is ego-syntonic; patient doesn t perceive as a problem; only problematic in dealings with others/ external world
Topographical Model Freud s first model of psychopathology Division of the mind into three different layers of consciousness: Unconscious Preconscious Conscious
Unconscious Contains repressed thoughts and feelings Unconscious shows itself in: Dreams Hypnosis Parapraxes (Freudian slips) Driven by Primary Process Thinking
Primary Process Thinking Not cause-effect; illogical; fantasy Only concern is immediate gratification (drive satisfaction) Does not take reality into account Seen in dreams, during hypnosis, some forms of psychosis, young children, psychoanalytic psychotherapy
Freudian Slips (Parapraxes) A slip of the tongue Errors of speech or hearing that reveal one s true but unconscious feelings
Preconscious Accessible, but not immediately available Always running in the background/ behind the scenes
Conscious Fully and readily accessible Conscious mind does not have access to the unconscious Utilizes Secondary Process Thinking: Reality-based (takes external reality into consideration), logical, mature, time-oriented
Psychosexual Development Children pass thru a series of age-dependent stages during development Each stage has a designated pleasure zone and primary activity Each stage requires resolution of a particular conflict/task
Psychosexual Stages Failure to successfully navigate a stage s particular conflict/ task is known as Fixation Leaving some energy in a stage Specific problems result from Fixation, depending on which stage is involved Fixation may result from environmental disruption
Psychosexual Stages Freud's stages are based on clinical observations of his patients The Stages are: Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital
Oral Stage Birth to 18 months Pleasure Zone: Mouth Primary Activity: Nursing Fixation results in difficulties with trust, attachment, commitment Fixation may also manifest as eating disorders, smoking, drinking problems
Anal Phase 18months- 2yrs Pleasure Zone: Anus Primary Activity: Toilet training Failure to produce on schedule arouses parental disappointment
Anal Phase 18months- 2yrs Parental disappointment, in turn, arouses feelings in child of anger and aggression towards caregivers, which are defended against Fixation may result in either: Anal retentiveness: perfectionism, obsessivecompulsive tendencies Anal expulsive: sloppy, messy, disorganized
Phallic (Oedipal) Phase Ages 3-6 Pleasure Zone: Genitals Primary Activity: Genital fondling Must successfully navigate the Oedipal Conflict
Oedipal Conflict Boys want to marry mom and kill father, aka Oedipal Complex, but fear retaliation from father (castration anxiety); ultimately resolved thru identification with father Girls have penis envy, want to marry dad, aka Electra Complex ; identify with mom to try to win dad s love
Phallic (Oedipal) Phase: Ages 3-6 Resolution of the Oedipal Conflict results in formation of the Superego Fixation results in attraction to unattainable partners
Latency Phase Ages 6-11 Pleasure Zone: Sex drive is rerouted into socialization and skills development Primary Activity: Same sex play; identification of sex role Don t like opposite sex (has cooties ) Fixation results in lack of initiative, low self esteem; environmental incompetence
Genital Phase Ages 13- young adulthood Pleasure Zone: Genitals Primary Activity: Adult sexual relationships Fixation results in regression to an earlier stage, lack of sense of self
Structural (Tripartite) Theory Freud s second model of the mind to explain psychopathology Developed in the early 1900 s
The ID Home of instinctual Drives I want it and I want it NOW Completely unconscious Present at birth Operates on the Pleasure Principle and employs Primary Process Thinking
To Review: Pleasure Principle: constant drive to reduce tension thru expression of instinctual urges Primary Process Thinking: Not causeeffect; illogical; fantasy; only concern is immediate gratification (drive satisfaction)
The Superego Internalized morals/values- sense of right and wrong Suppresses instinctual drives of ID (thru guilt and shame) and serves as the moral conscience
The Superego Largely unconscious, but has conscious component Develops with socialization, and thru identification with same-sex parent (via introjection) at the resolution of the Oedipal Conflict Introjection: absorbing rules for behavior from role models
The Superego- 2 Parts: Conscience: Dictates what is proscribed (should not be done); results in guilt Ego-Ideal: Dictates what is prescribed (should be done); results in shame
The Ego Created by the ID to help it interface with external reality Mediates between the ID, Superego, and reality Partly conscious Uses Secondary Process Thinking: Logical, rational
Ego Defense Mechanisms The Ego employs ego defense mechanisms They serve to protect an individual from unpleasant thoughts or emotions Keep unconscious conflicts unconscious Defense Mechanisms are primarily unconscious
Ego Defense Mechanisms Result from interactions between the ID, Ego, and Superego Thus, they re compromises: Attempts to express an impulse (to satisfy the ID) in a socially acceptable or disguised way (so that the Superego can deal with it)
Ego Defense Mechanisms Less mature defenses protect the person from anxiety and negative feelings, but at price Some defense mechanisms explain aspects of psychopathology: Ex. Identification with aggressor: can explain tendency of some abused kids to grow into abusers
Primary Repression Conflict arises when the ID s drives threaten to overwhelm the controls of the Ego and Superego Ego pushes ID impulses deeper into the unconscious via repression Material pushed into unconscious does not sit quietly- causes symptoms
Classification of Defenses Mature Immature Narcissistic Neurotic
Mature Defenses Altruism Anticipation Humor Sublimation Suppression
Unselfishly assisting others to avoid negative personal feelings Altruism
Anticipation Thinking ahead and planning appropriately
Sublimation Rerouting an unacceptable drive in a socially acceptable way; redirecting the energy from a forbidden drive into a constructive act A healthy, conscious defense Ex. Martial Arts
Suppression Deliberately (consciously) pushing anxietyprovoking or personally unacceptable material out of conscious awareness
Immature Defenses Acting Out Somatization Regression Denial Projection Splitting Displacement Dissociation Reaction Formation Repression Magical Thinking Isolation of Affect Intellectualization Rationalization
Acting out Behaving in an attention-getting, often socially inappropriate manner to avoid dealing with unacceptable emotions or material
Somatization Unconscious transformation of unacceptable impulses or feelings into physical symptoms
Regression Return to earlier level of functioning (childlike behaviors) during stressful situations Ex. Kids regress after trauma
Denial Unconsciously discounting external reality
Projection Falsely attributing one s own unacceptable impulses or feelings onto others Can manifest as paranoia
Splitting Selectively focusing on only part of a person to meet a current need state; seeing people as either all-good or all-bad Serves to relieve the uncertainty engendered by the fact that people have both bad and good qualities Considered normal in childhood
Displacement Redirection of unacceptable feelings, impulses from their source onto a less threatening person or object Ex. Mad at your boss, so you go home and kick the dog
Dissociation Mentally separating part of consciousness from reality; can result in forgetting certain events Ex. Dissociative amnesia
Reaction Formation Transforming an unacceptable impulse into a diametrically opposed thought, feeling, attitude, or behavior; denying unacceptable feelings and adopting opposite attitudes Ex. Person who loves pornography leads a movement to outlaw its sale in the neighborhood
Repression Keeping an idea or feeling out of conscious awareness The primary ego defense Freud postulated that other defenses are employed only when repression fails
Magical Thinking A thought is given great power, deemed to have more of a connection to events than is realistic Ex. Thinking about a disaster can bring it about Can manifest as obsessions
Isolation of Affect Stripping an idea from its accompanying feeling or affect Idea is made conscious but the feelings are kept unconscious
Intellectualization Using higher cortical functions to avoid experiencing uncomfortable emotions; thinking without accompanying emotion
Rationalization Unconscious distortion of reality so that it s negative outcome seems reasonable or not so bad, after all (making lemonade out of lemons) Giving seemingly reasonable explanations for unacceptable or irrational feelings