Q2.Scientists investigated the effectiveness of three slimming programmes, A, B and C. The scientists recorded the body mass of four groups of volunteers each month for 6 months. Three of the groups were each given a different slimming programme. The fourth group was a control group. The graph shows the mean change of body mass each month for all four groups. Time in months (a) (i) What should the control group eat? (1) (ii) Why did the scientists include a control group in this study? (1) Page 3
(b) (i) The three groups of volunteers using the slimming programmes each showed a similar pattern of body mass loss over the 6 months. Describe this pattern. (ii) All the slimming programmes seemed to be effective. How does the information in the graph show this? (1) (Total 5 marks) Page 4
Q3. The diagram shows the structures involved in a reflex action. (a) On the diagram, name the structures labelled W, X and Y. (3) (b) The control of blood sugar level is an example of an action controlled by hormones. Give two ways in which a reflex action is different from an action controlled by hormones. 1... 2... (Total 5 marks) Page 5
Q4.In the 1800s, many women died from disease after giving birth. Dr Semmelweis compared the death rates of women in two hospital wards,ward A and Ward B. Table 1 shows some of the results. Table 1 Year Percentage (%) of women who died Ward A Ward B 1834 7.7 7.4 1836 7.5 7.8 1844 8.4 2.1 1846 11.3 2.8 Before 1840 Doctors and nurses worked in Ward A and in Ward B. The doctors often worked in other wards with patients who had diseases. The doctors did not wash their hands. After 1840 Doctors only worked in Ward A and not in Ward B. Only nurses worked in Ward B. The nurses did not work in other wards with patients who had diseases. (a) (i) Look at the data for Ward A and Ward B after 1840. Describe the effect on death rate of having only nurses working in Ward B and not doctors. To gain full marks you must refer to the data in Table 1. Page 6
(ii) Suggest an explanation for the difference you described in part (a)(i). (b) In 1847, Dr Semmelweis told the doctors to wash their hands each time before they began to work in Ward A. Table 2 shows the death rates in the two wards, after 1847. Table 2 Year Percentage (%) of women who died Ward A Ward B 1848 2.7 2.8 1849 2.0 1.9 Dr Semmelweis was right to tell the doctors to wash their hands. What evidence is there to support Dr Semmelweis telling the doctors to wash their hands? Use information from Table 1 and Table 2 in your answer. (3) Page 7
(c) In modern hospitals less than 0.1% of women die from disease after giving birth. Medical understanding has improved since the 1850s to reduce the death rate. Other than improvements in hygiene, give two reasons for the low death rate from infectious diseases in modern hospitals. (Total 9 marks) Page 8
Q5. A new fertility treatment that could allow women to have IVF in their lunch hour has been developed. In standard IVF: Eggs are fertilised with sperm in a dish in a laboratory. Any resulting embryos are incubated and monitored in a laboratory for three to five days. The best embryo is transferred to the woman s womb. Standard IVF treatment can also be used in cases where the male is infertile. In this treatment a sperm nucleus is injected into an egg. The average success rate for standard IVF treatment is 29.6 per cent. In the Invocell technique: The Invocell device, shown below, is a sealed capsule that allows fertilisation to take place inside the woman s body, in the vagina. Eggs are removed from the ovaries while the woman is under sedation. The eggs and sperm are put into the Invocell capsule. The capsule is placed inside her vagina. After three days the capsule is removed and the best embryo is transferred to the woman s womb. This IVF treatment can be performed in a doctor s surgery because at no time are eggs, sperm or embryo stored outside the body. No costs are involved for laboratory incubation. The Invocell company tried the technique on 800 women with a success rate of 19.7 per cent. Page 9
(a) In both IVF treatments a woman is given hormones to stimulate her ovaries. Name the two hormones that stimulate the ovaries.... and... (b) Evaluate the use of the Invocell technique compared with standard IVF treatment. Remember to give a conclusion as part of your evaluation. (4) (Total 6 marks) Page 10
Q6. The graph shows how the likelihood of getting pregnant and the likelihood of infertility change with a woman s age. The data is for healthy women who have unprotected sexual intercourse during one year. (a) Use information from the graph to answer this question. A woman in her mid-twenties is thinking about waiting until her late-thirties before she has children. A doctor advises the woman not to wait. Explain why the doctor gives this advice. Page 11
(b) The hormones FSH and LH are used in fertility treatment. Give the function in fertility treatment of: (i) FSH (1) (ii) LH. (1) (c) In the first stage of in-vitro fertilisation (IVF), eggs from the mother are fertilised with sperm from the father. Describe the next stages of IVF. (Total 6 marks) Page 12
Q7. Read the information about the trialling of the first contraceptive pill. The Pill was developed by a team of scientists led by Gregory Pincus. The team needed to carry out large scale trials on humans. In the summer of 1955, Pincus visited the island of Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Officials supported birth control as a form of population control. The women in Puerto Rico were mainly poor and uneducated. The scientists selected a pill with a high dose of hormones. The Pill was found to be 100 % effective when taken properly. But 17 % of the women in the study complained of side effects. The women in the trial had been told only that they were taking a drug that prevented pregnancy. They had not been told that the Pill was experimental or that there was a chance of dangerous side effects. Evaluate the issues involved with methods used by Pincus in trialling the contraceptive pill........................................ (Total 6 marks) Page 13