Can Canola meal replace Soybean meal? A.C. Edwards ACE Livestock Consulting Pty Ltd PO Box 108 Cockatoo Valley SA Australia 5351
Characterisation of the Australian Livestock Feeding Industry Utilizes a broad range of feedstuffs Composition of diets varies widely x region x time Competition between commodities End users very flexible in what they use Market complicated by geographic dislocation and export
Traditional protein sources Meat and bone meal, blood meal Soybean meal (imported) Grain legumes (peas, lupins, faba beans) Local oilseed meals (sunflower, cotton, linseed, safflower, rapeseed) Fish meal (imported) Synthetic amino acids Canola is now the dominant domestic vegetable protein
Component Moisture Crude protein% (Nx6.25) Rumen bypass (%of prot) Oil % Linoleic acid % Ash % Canola meal* Canada a Australia bc 10.0 11.0 35.0 37.0 35.0-3.5 2.9 0.6 0.58 6.1 Soybean meal USA de 12.0 47.0 (14.0) (3.0) (0.6) 6.02 Table 2 Nutrient composition of canola meal relative to soybean meal Sugars % 8.0 9.17 Starch % 5.2 5.46 Cellulose % 4.6 Oligosaccharides 2.3 Non-starch polysaccharides % 16.1 Soluble NSP % Insoluble NSP % Crude Fibre % Acid detergent fibre % Neutral detergent fibre % Total dietary fibre % Tannins % Sinapine% Phytic acid % Glucosinolates (u mol/g) 1.4 14.7 12.0 17.2 21.2 33.0 1.5 1.0 4.0 16 11.9 16.9 26.6 1.5 (2.0) 11 5.4 7.05 11.79 Nil (1.55) nil * Refers to solvent extracted meal Expeller and cold press meals have higher oil content with concurrent dilution of the other components a = Canola Council of Canada Feed Industry guide b = Perez-Maldonado 2003 c = Department of Primary Industries d = American Soybean Association e = NRC
Table 3 Comparative Amino Acid Profiles AA s as % of protein (main essential amino acids) (Degussa, 2001) Canola Soybean Sunflower Cotton Safflower Lupins Peas Lysine 5.58 5.95 3.25 4.01 3.14 4.58 6.84 Methionine 1.97 1.42 2.14 1.52 1.53 0.60 0.91 M + C 4.41 2.93 3.82 3.21 3.18 1.90 2.35 Threonine 4.31 3.90 3.48 3.19 3.14 3.37 3.52 Isoleucine 3.95 4.38 3.96 3.09 3.49 3.99 3.91 Tryptophan 1.38 1.33 1.30 1.26 1.12 0.80 0.89 Arginine 5.94 7.14 8.11 11.10 8.30 10.72 9.82
Table 4 Apparent ileal digestibility (%) of amino acids in several vegetable proteins for poultry (Ravindran, 1998) Canola Soybean Sunflower Cotton Lupins Peas Lysine 77 86 81 55 84 82 Methionine 91 90 92 77 81 71 Threonine 66 75 72 61 77 68 Isoleucine 76 80 81 68 80 70 Arginine 84 88 89 86 88 84
Table 5 Energy values for Canola meal relative to other vegetable protein meals (NRC) Chicken Pig Cattle AME n TME n DE NE ME NE m NE g NE c Kcal/kg Kcal/kg Kcal/kg Kcal/kg Kcal/kg Kcal/kg Kcal/kg Kcal/kg Canola meal* 2000 2070 2875 1695 2360 1440 900 1410 Soybean meal 2440 2485 3685 2020 2835 1935 1332 1810 Sunflower meal 30% 1543-2010 1230 1920 1130 610 1190 Cottonseed meal 2400-2575 1325 2520 1560 1000 1500 * Solvent extracted, 10% moisture
Canola meal in poultry diets Poultry are the largest consumers of canola in Australia Although lower in energy, protein, and amino acid digestibility than soybean meal it remains cost competitive Generally used in combination with soy and other protein source rather than as the sole protein meal
Table 6 Response to canola meal in broiler diets based on total or digestible amino acids (5-19 days). Ravindran et al (1998) Treatment Feed Intake (gm/bird) Weight Gain (gm/bird) F.C.R. Control (wheat/sorghum/soya) 668 472 1.42 Total AA Canola meal 6.66% 678 469 1.45 Total AA Canola meal 13.33% 684 458 1.49 Total AA Canola meal 20.0% 678 456 1.49 Digest AA Canola meal 6.66% 664 471 1.41 Digest AA Canola meal 13.33% 689 492 1.40 Digest AA Canola meal 20.0% 699 487 1.44
Table 7 Response to graded inclusion of canola meal in broiler diets (1-41 days of age). Perez - Maldonado et al (2001) Treatment Feed Intake (gm/bird) Weight Gain (gm/bird) F.C.R. Liver weight (gm/100gm L.Wt.) Pancreas Weight (gm/100gm L. Wt.) Control(wheat/soya) 4555 2519 1.82 2.026 0.172 Canola meal 10% 4377 2535 1.727 - - Canola meal 20% 4267 2460 1.735 2.00 0.183 Canola meal 30% 4196 2450 1.713 - - Canola meal 40% 4055 2335 1.737 2.249 0.235
Table 8 Maximum inclusion rates of canola meal in broiler diets based on digestible amino acids (4-42 days of age). Perez - Maldonado et al (2002) Treatment Feed Intake (gm/bird) Weight Gain (gm/bird) F.C.R. Starter (4-25 d) Control (sorghum/wheat/soya) 1266 920 1.382 Canola meal 20% 1235 921 1.339 Canola meal 30% 1188 896 1.395 Canola meal 40% 1132 845 1.348 Finisher (25-42d) Control (sorghum/wheat/soya) 3074 1619 1.901 Canola meal 20% 3016 1634 1.855 Canola meal 30% 2923 1605 1.848 Canola meal 40% 2831 1529 1.851 Overall (4-42 d) Control (sorghum/wheat/soya) 4340 2539 1.709 Canola meal 20% 4251 2555 1.664 Canola meal 30% 4111 2501 1.643 Canola meal 40% 3963 2374 1.669
Table 9 Response in laying hens to low glucosinolate canola meal (Hi-Sex Brown Layers, 26-40 weeks of age). Trappett et al (2001) Treatment Egg Prod. % Egg Weight (gm) Egg Mass (gm) Feed Intake (g/d) F.C.R. (g/g) Hen Weight (kg) Control (Sorghum/wheat/soya) 91.8 65.2 59.9 127.9 2.141 2.20 Canola meal 10% 90.1 63.6 57.4 124.8 2.186 2.20 Canola meal 20% 91.4 63.5 58.1 125.9 2.173 2.22 Canola meal 30% 93.1 63.9 59.4 129.1 2.186 2.22
Historical problems with rapeseed are no longer an issue with canola Glucosinolates, erucic acid Tibial dischondroplasia (sulphur, electrolyte balance) Fatty liver/ haemorrhage Phytate content (phytase) However some prejudice still remains among older nutritionists
Canola meal in pig diets Now used widely across full spectrum of diets Confidence to use relatively high rates No apparent limitations to use other than oil content
Canadian Feeding Trials (Hickling, 1994) Grower pigs (20 100 kg L. Wt) Canola replacing soya Soyabean meal Med Canola meal Hi Canola meal 20/ 16 % 6/ 8 % 10/ 15 % ADFI kg/d 2.461 2.498 2.465 ADG g/d 799 798 795 FCR 3.08 3.13 3.10 Dressing % 78 78 78 Carcass backfat index 107 107 107
Responses to increasing canolameal level in grower pigs (28 70 kg L.Wt.) - Bunge Meat Industries (1995) Canola meal replacing lupin kernels and other proteins Canola meal inclusion (%) ADG (g/d) ADFI (kg/d) FCR P2 backfat mm Dressing % 0 958 1.98 2.07 10.5 74.7 7 930 1.97 2.12 11.0 74.8 14 933 1.85 1.99 10.0 74.8 21 944 1.86 1.96 10.0 75.0
Canola meal replacing lupins in pig grower diets (20 90 kg L. Wt.) Treatment (Canola:lupin) 0:25 5:20 10:15 15:10 20:5 ADG g/d 793 766 767 7.61 757 NS Feed:gain 2.65 2.74 2.69 2.72 2.75 NS Dressing % 67.3 68.4 68.4 69.7 68.5 NS P2 backfat mm 13.6 14.4 14.2 14.9 14.1 NS Eye muscle area 34.3 33.5 36.2 34.6 34.8 NS Thyroid g/kg L.Wt 5.04 a 7.13 a 6.55 a 8.26 b 8.21 b p<.05 Ranford et al 1995
Canola meal in dairy cattle diets Australian dairy industry mainly pasture based (grazing) Supplementary feeding now significant (1.5 2.0 tonne/cow/year) Supplement supplies energy, protein, minerals, additives Protein component needs to address balance between rumen degradable and bypass components role for canola meal
Digestion and metabolism of nitrogenous compounds in the rumen FOOD Protein Non-protein N SALIVARY GLANDS Undegradable protein Degradable protein Non-protein N Peptides RUMEN Amino acids Ammonia LIVER NH3 UREA Microbial protein KIDNEY Digested in small intestine Excreted in urine
Critical features of a successful by-pass protein A significant proportion must escape rumen degradation The escaped protein must be digestible in the abomasum The amino acids released need to be appropriate to meet the animals needs for production Relative to most other sources canola meal best meets these prerequisites
Rumen degradable (RDP and undegraded (UDP) protein requirements (g/day) of standard cow weighing 500 kg, producing milk with fat 40 g/kg. No allowance is made for change in body weight. (ARC 1991) M E /G E (q) Form of protein 0 5 Milk yield (kg/day) 10 15 20 30 40 0.5 RDP 395 610 825 1040 1265 UDP 45 155 265 0.6 RDP 380 575 780 985 1195 1625 UDP 80 200 320 550 0.7 RDP 360 550 740 935 1135 1545 1965 UDP 110 240 370 615 850
Table 10 Relative value of bypass protein sources Protein Source Rumen Bypass (%) Digest Lysine Content (% of protein) Gms Lysine Delivered Cost per gm Lysine (c) 1000 gm soya protein X 14 X 0.9 X 5.95 = 7.50 11.7 1000 gm lupin protein X 5 X 0.9 X 4.58 = 2.04 35.9 1000 gm cotton protein X 40 X 0.5 X 3.96 = 7.92 10.5 1000 gm canola protein X 35 X 0.85 X 5.32 = 15.83 5.1 Assumes costs of Soya 48% = $420/tonne Lupin 30% = $220/tonne Cotton 42% = $350/tonne Canola 37% = $300/tonne
Table 11 The essential amino acid profile (g/16g N) of the protein of milk, rumen microbial protein and selected feedstuffs. Milk Microbial Protein Barley Sorghum Cotton Lupins Canola Soya Lysine 8.4 8.5 3.7 2.4 3.8 4.6 5.6 6.0 (Avail Lysine) - (8.0) (3.2) (2.1) (1.2) (3.5) (4.3) (5.4) Methionine 2.4 2.4 1.6 1.6 1.5 0.7 2.0 1.4 Cystine 1.0 1.2 2.2 1.8 1.6 1.5 2.6 1.5 Threonine 4.4 5.4 3.3 3.6 3.2 3.4 4.3 3.9 Isoleucine 5.6 5.7 3.7 4.4 3.4 4.0 4.0 4.4 Tryptophan 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.3 Arginine 3.5 5.2 5.0 3.9 10.3 12.0 5.9 7.1 Valine 6.6 6.0 5.2 5.5 4.7 3.9 4.9 4.8 Phenylanin 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.3 4.8 3.7 4.4 5.0 Tyrosine 5.0 4.4 3.1 4.3 2.7 3.5 3.2 3.8
Factors likely to increase canola meal usage in Australia GMO restrictions (poultry/ dairy) Bio-diesel production from canola oil Recognition of the nutritive value/ freedom from problems Agronomic adaptability Ease of handling
Conclusions 1 Canola has stepped away from the problems of rapeseed Canola meal now viewed as a quality protein meal competitive with soybean meal (and others) with great flexibility for liberal use across most animal species Sinapine levels remain an issue for brownegg layers but hopefully can be reduced by plant breeding
Conclusions 2 Can canola replace soyabean meal? It already has in many instances, but the inclusion of canola is not necessarily at the expense of soya in Australia. Canola has assumed a prominent role as a source of protein in animal feeds and will consolidate this position as long as it remains price competitive.