Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Acetylcholine, clinical uses for mental health, 32 N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), for detoxification in overdose or environmental exposure, 31 for prevention and treatment of mental health disorders, 29 31 in metabolic pathways in psychiatric disorders, 29 30 side effects and adverse reactions of, 31 ADAPT-232, and NPY secretion, 60 for fatigue, stress-related, 52 53 in stress protection, 58 Adaptogen(s). See also Herbal adaptogen(s). clinical studies of, 50 55 Rhodiola rosea, L. Rhizome and Radix, 50 54 defined, 49 effects of, on mental and behavioral disorders, 51 on physical and mental fatigue, 52 53, 55 Eleutherococcus senticosus, Acanthopanax senticosus, 54 55 for mental and behavioral disorders, 49 64 mechanism of action of, for cognitive functions, 62 Rhodiola. rosea in depression, 61 62 mechanisms of action and active constituents of, 56 57 Hsp70: molecular chaperones, 57 mechanism of stress protection, 58 neuropeptide Y, 57 60 on cellular level, 57, 59 on whole organism level, 57 58 mechanisms of action of, increase of protein kinase A, 61 in G-protein-signaling phosphatidylinositol and pholpholipase C pathways, 61 regulation of camp level, 61 molecular targets of, G-protein-signaling pathways, 60 membrane-bound G-protein-coupled receptors, 60 serpin peptidase inhibitor (neuroserpin), 61 Schisandra chinensis (Schizandra), 55 56 S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe), 1 13 S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe), for dementia, 12 for depression, 9 12 for depression during pregnancy, 184 in clinical practice 12 13 metabolism of, 2 3 Affective disorder, folate deficiency and, 1 2 Alzheimer dementia, choline and precursors for, 32 Ginkgo biloba effect on, 74 75 Saffron (C. sativus) for, 86 Psychiatr Clin N Am 36 (2013) 189 199 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0193-953x(13)00020-8 0193-953X/13/$ see front matter ª 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. psych.theclinics.com
190 Index Amino acids, precursors, and metabolites, for prevention and treatment of mental health disorders, 2 3, 9 13, 29 34, 184 g-aminobutyric acid (GABA [pregabalin]), for mental health disorders, 31 32 in modulation of overactive amygdala, 31 Anxiety, cranial electrotherapy stimulation for, 171 herbal medicines for, 39 40 passion flower (P. incarnata) for, 87 Tai Chi and Qigong effect on, 113 114 valerian (V. officinalis, Valeriana edulis) for, 87 88 Anxiety disorders, breathing practices for, 124 125, 127, 132, 134 Arctic rhizome. See Rhodiola rosea (Artic rhizome, Arctic root). Arctic root. See Rhodiola rosea (Artic rhizome, Arctic root). Arctic root (R. rosea), clinical uses and guidelines for, 41 42 side effects of, 42 Assaultive behavior, cranial electrotherapy stimulation for, 171 172 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHA), iron for, 29 B Bipolar depression, inositol for, 34 Bipolar disorder, combination omega-3 fatty acids for, 18 19 Eleutherococcus senticosus (Ancanthopanax senticosus) for, 55 N-acetylcysteine for, 30 Borderline personality disorder, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) for, 20 Breathing practices. See also under Yoga. clinical considerations and recommendations with, 130 131 contraindications to, 130 definitions of, 122 for psychiatric and stress-related medical conditions, 121 140 for psychiatric conditions, for anxiety disorders, 124 125, 127 for depression, 125, 129 for insomnia, 124 125, 127 for obsessive-compulsive disorder, 125, 129 130 for posttraumatic stress disorder, 125, 128 for stress management, 124, 126 in Tai Cho and Qigong, 122 physiologic mechanisms of action in, 123 124 neuroanatomic connections of parasympathetic nervous system in, 123 124 risks with, 130 reducing, 130 techniques and practices, 131 technology-assisted, advantages of, 133 cost, accessibility, and ease of use with, 133 for anxiety, stress, performance, 132, 134 for depression, 125, 129, 135 for mobile phones, 131 for panic disorder, 132 for PTSD, 132, 135 heart-rate variability biofeedback in, 131 132, 134 135 limitations, precautions, contraindications to, 133
Index 191 patient factors in, 133 respiratory strain gauge in, 131 Bright light therapy, for depression during pregnancy, 184 C CDP-choline (citicholine), clinical uses for mental health, 32 Centrophenoxine (Meclofenoxate, Lucidril), for dementia, 44 Cerebral blood flow, high frequency yoga breathing effect on, 97 Chamomile (M. recuita), for anxiety and insomnia, 39 Children, zinc for mental health in, 28 Choline alphoscerate, clinical uses for mental health, 32 33 Choline and precursors, clinical uses for mental health, 32 33 Choline chloride, clinical uses for mental health, 32 Chronic fatigue, Eleutherococcus senticosus (Ancanthopanax senticosus) for, 54 55 Cognitive domains, Ginkgo biloba effect on, 74 Cognitive enhancement, herbal adaptogens for, 40 42 Cognitive enhancers, herbal, 43 44 Cognitive function, B vitamins and, 6 folate supplementation in, 6 7 picamilon for improvement of, 33 Tai Chi and Qigong effect on, 116 Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES), adverse effects of, 174 clinical considerations and guidelines, concurrent pharmacotherapy, 173 during psychotherapy sessions, 172 self-directed home treatment, 173 contraindications to, 174 evaluating immediate and long-term effects, feelings experienced during treatment, 173 rating scales for, 173 174 for anxiety, depression, and insomnia, 169 176 during pregnancy, 184 for anxiety and insomnia, 171 for assaultive behavior, 171 172 introduction to, 170 key points in, 169 neurophysiologic effects of, changes in neurohormones and neurotransmitters, 171 172 cortical brain deactivation, 170 D Dementia, centrophenoxine (Meclofenoxate, Lucidril) for, 44 S-adenosylmethionine for, 12 sage (S. officinalis) for, 88 vitamin B 12 for, 8 zinc for, 27 28 Depression, antepartum, folate for, 185 vitamin D for, 185 breathing practices for, 125, 129, 135 cranial electrotherapy stimulation for, 171, 174 folate for, 3 4 folate supplementation in, 4 5
192 Index Depression (continued) 5-HTP for, 31 in childhood, omega-3 fatty acids for, 20 perinatal, fatty acids for, 184 185 postpartum, immune modulation in, 186 inflammatory cytokines in, 186 nutrition and, 186 Rhodiola rosea for, 51, 54, 61 62 S. chinensis for, 42 S-adenosylmethionine for, 9 12 Saffron (C. sativus) for, 86 St. John s Wort for, 69 Tai Chi and Qigong effect on, 114 115 vitamin B 12 for, 8 yoga for, 125 Depressive disorders, R. rosea for, 42 Detoxification, N-acetylcysteine for, 31 Developmental disorders, omega-3 fatty acids for, 20 21 Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 16 for major depressive disorder, 18 Dysthmia, in men, exogenous testosterone administration for, 179 E Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 16 Electroencephalogram (EEG) biofeedback. See Neurofeedback. Eleuthero (Siberian ginseng). See Eleutherococcus senticosus (Ancanthopanax senticosus). Eleutherococcus senticosus (Ancanthopanax senticosus), in mental and behavioral disorders, 51, 54 55 preparations and doses of, 56 Energy, herbal adaptogens for, 40 42 F Fatigue, Rhodiola rosea for, 51 54 Fatty acids. See also Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3-fas). for perinatal depression, 184 185 Fibromyalgia, S. chinensis for, 42 Folate (vitamin B 9 ), 1 13 for dementia, 4, 6, 8 for depression, 3 4 for postpartum depression, 185 metabolism of, 2 3 Folic acid, mechanism of action of, 6 Folic acid deficiency, neuropsychiatic findings in, 2 Folinic acid (leucovorin), for major depressive disorder, 4 G Galantamine Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis), for age-related memory decline, 43 Generalized anxiety disorder, yoga programs for, 125
Index 193 Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761 extract), 73 83 adverse events with, 80 clinical indications for, disorders, 74 75 symptoms, 74 composition of, 74 concentration-dependent effects and efficacy of, 80 dosage and duration of, 75 drug interactions with, antiplatelet drugs, 80 81 calcium channel antagonists, 81 drugs used in surgery, 81 82 summary of, 81 trazodone, 81 mechanism of action of, 75 76 antioxidation and antiinflammatory properties of, 76 facilitation of cerebral blood flow, 76 PET imaging of, 76 standardized as EGb 761 extract, 74 75 summary of studies of, 77 79 Ginseng, American (Panax quinquefolius), 41 Korean or Asian (Panax ginseng), 41 H Herbal adaptogen(s). See also Adaptogen(s). arctic root (R. rosea), 41 42 clinical effects of, 40 ginseng, American (Panax quinquefolius), 41 Korean or Asian (Panax ginseng), 41 maca (Lepidium Myenii), 41 S. chinensis, clinical uses for, 42 High frequency yoga breathing (HFYB [kapalabhati]), effects of, on cancellation tasks, 97 on cerebral blood flow, 97 on metabolism, 96 Hyperzine-A (Huperzia serrata), neuroprotective properties of, 43 44 I Immune modulation, in postpartum period, 186 Inflammatory cytokines, in postpartum depression, 186 Inositol, clinical uses for mental health, 34 Insomnia, breathing practices for, 124 125, 127 cranial electrotherapy stimulation for, 171, 174 herbal medicines for, 39 mind-body techniques for, 125 Iron supplementation, for mental health, 29 K Kava (P. methysticum), for anxiety, 40 hepatotoxicity of, 40
194 Index M Maca (Lepidium myenii), for mental focus, energy, cognitive enhancement, sexual function, 41 Major depression, zinc for, 27 Major depressive disorder (MDD), combination omega-3 fatty acids for, 17 exogenous testosterone administration for, 178 179 Mass disasters, yoga breath water sound for, 125 Meditation, Tai Chi and Qigong as, 111 112 yoga-based for health and mind-body regulation, precautions, adverse effects, and inclusion of, 99 103 Mental focus, herbal adaptogens for, 40 42 Metabolism, voluntarily regulated yoga breathing effect on, 96 Mindfulness meditation practices, as adjunctive treatments, 141 152 meditation, defined, 141 142 mindfulness, defined, 142 mindfulness-based cognitive training, 142, 145 148 mindfulness-based stress reduction, 142, 145, 147 148 overview of, 141 144 definitions in, 141 142 mechanisms of action in, 143 144 treatment guidelines for, in anxiety and pain management, 145 146 interest and motivation of patient and, 146 147 patient preference and, 146 working with patients, consistency in practice, 147 in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, 147 148 Mindfulness-based cognitive training (MBCT), defined, 142 for relapse prevention in unipolar illness, 145 treatment guidelines for, 145 148 Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), defined, 142 potential risks and adverse effects of, 145 treatment guidelines for, 145 148 Mindfulness meditation practices, Buddhist philosophy and, 142 143 psychological mechanisms of mindfulness, 143 144 self-referential thinking in mood and anxiety disorders and, 143 Mineral(s), copper, 29 for prevention and treatment of mental disorders, 27 29 iron, 29 zinc, 27 29 Mood, Tai Chi and Qigong effect on, 113 Mood disorders, in childhood, omega-3 fatty acids for, 20 Motor performance, voluntarily regulated yoga breathing effect on, 97 98 N NAC. See N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Nervous system, voluntarily regulated yoga breathing effect on, 96 97 Neurofeedback, 163 168 clinical administration of, 166 clinical considerations in, efficacy ratings, 167 guidelines for, 167 168 professional regulation and credentialing, 167
Index 195 side effects and adverse reactions, 167 defined, 163 for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 164 165 for posttraumatic stress disorder, 165 for seizure disorders, 164 key points in, 163 mechanisms of action in, 166 167 preparation for, 165 quantitative electroencephalograph in, analysis of, 165 clinical administration of, 166 defined, 165 training methods in, 166 Neurosis, Eleutherococcus senticosus (Ancanthopanax senticosus) for, 54 Neurotoxins, in peripartum period, adverse effects from, 186 NPY (neuropeptide Y), ADAPT-232 and, 60 antidepressant activity of, 59 60 peripheral action of, 58 release of, 57 Nutrients for prevention and treatment of mental disorders, 25 36 vitamin B 1 (thiamine), 26 vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine), 26 vitamin D 3 (cholecalciferol), 26 27 Nutrition, evaluation in postpartum mood and anxiety, 186 O Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 126, 130 breathing practices for, 125, 129 130 EPA for, 20 N-aceytylcysteine for, 30 valerian (V. officinalis, Valeriana edulis) for, 88 Omega-3 fatty acid(s) (n-3-fas), 15 23. See also Fatty acids. clinical efficacy of, in combination for major depressive disorder, 17 docosahexaenoic acid DHA), 16 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 16 for bipolar disorder, 18 19 for perinatal depression, 18 for psychotic disorders, 19 20 psychotropic action of, 16 17 recommendations for use of, 21 22 safety and tolerability of, 21 Open focus attention training, 153 162 alpha synchrony and, 153 attention styles and effects on nervous system, 154 155 significance of, 156 attention to attention and, 154 attention to space in, 154, 156 157 clinical guidelines for, 161 adverse reactions and contraindications, 161 162 comprehensive attention style in, 155 continua of attention and, 154 155 dissolving pain and, attention to space in, 154, 156 157
196 Index Open (continued ) destroying subject-object world in, 156 157 in the clinic, 158 159 role of phase in, 157 158 exercises in, dissolving pain, 160 161 general space, 159 160 neurofeedback and, 153 vs. relaxation training, 154 P Panic disorders, breathing practices for, 132 Parkinson disease, Tai Chi and Qigong effect on, 116 Partial androgen deficiency of the aging male (PADAM), defined, 178 exogenous testosterone administration for, 178 179 male aging and, 177 178 Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata), 85 91, 86 for mental health, 87 toxicity of, 87 Pediatric populations, omega-3 fatty acids in, 20 21 Perception, voluntarily regulated yoga breathing effect on, 97 Perinatal depression, combination omega-3 fatty acids for, 18 Perinatal depression and anxiety, 183 188 during pregnancy, complementary and alternative therapy in, 184 186 evaluation of postpartum mood and anxiety disorders, 186 mental disorders and pregnancy, 183 Peripheral neuropathy, B 12 deficiency and, 2 Phosphatidylserine, clinical uses for mental health, 32 Phytomedicine(s), 37 47 cognitive enhancers, 43 44 herbal adaptogens, 40 42 herbal medicines, chamomile, 39 for anxiety and insomnia, 39 40 kava, 40 herb-drug interactions and, minimizing risks from, 38 39 pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions and, 35 Picamilon, for improvement of cognitive function, 33 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), breathing practices for, 125, 128, 132, 135 precaution with yoga-based meditation, 99 yoga breathing practices for, 125 Pregnancy, complementary and alternative therapy during, bright light therapy, 184 cranial electrical stimulation, 184 fatty acids, 184 185 folate, 185 SAMe, 184 vitamin D, 185 186 St. John s Wort during, 70 71 R Restless legs syndrome, iron supplementation for, 29 Rhodiola rosea (Arctic rhizome, Arctic root), for augmentation of medication, 54
Index 197 for depression, 54 for mental and behavioral disorders, 50 54 for reduction of medication side effects, 54 for stress-related physical and mental fatigue, 51 54 preparations and doses of, 56 S Saffron (C. sativus), 85, 85 91 adverse effects and toxicity of, 86 clinical uses of, 86 Sage (S. officinalis), 85 91 adverse effects and toxicity of, 88 for dementia, 88 Schisandra chinensis (Schizandra), in mental and behavioral disorders, 51, 55 56 preparations and doses of, 56 Schizoaffective disorder, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) for, 19 20 Schizophrenia, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) for, 19 20 N-acetylcysteine for, 30 31 Science of mind, ancient yoga texts and modern studies, 93 108 (See also Yoga) Self-harm, EPA-DHA combination for, 20 Sexual dysfunction, zinc for, 28 Sexual function, herbal adaptogens for, 40 42 Saffron (C. sativus) for, 86 Sleep, passion flower (P. incarnata) for, 87 valerian (V. officinalis, Valeriana edulis) for, 87 Sleep disturbance, Tai Chi and Qigong effect on, 115 St. John s Wort (Hypericum perforatum), constituents of, 68 69 St. John s Wort (Hypericum perforatum), for depression, 66 67 for other psychiatric disorders, 67 68 for somatoform disorders, 67 68 mechanisms of action of, 68 69 epigenetic effects of, 68 69 neurochemical, 69 St. John s Wort (Hypericum perforatum), 65 72 clinical considerations in use of, 69 71 during pregnancy and lactation, 70 71 herb-drug interactions with, 70 quality and standardization of product, 69 70 risks and precautions with, 70 Stress management, breathing practices for, 124, 126, 132, 134 Tai Chi and Qigong for, 112 113 Substance abuse, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) for, 30 Tai Chi and Qigong effect on, 115 Substance withdrawal, passion flower (P. incarnata) for, 87 T Tai Chi and Qigong, 109 119 as exercise, 111 as meditative practices, 111 112 breathing practices in, 122
198 Index Tai (continued) clinical recommendations, 117 118 clinical research applications of, 110 complementary to pharmacologic strategies, 116 117 described, 109 110 health outcomes of, 110 health-related quality of life and, 111 physiologic mechanisms of response in, 110 research applications to mental health, for anxiety, 113 114 for cognitive functioning, 116 for depression, 114 115 for mood, 113 for Parkinson disease, 116 for psychosocial well-being, 112 for sleep disturbance, 115 for stress management, 112 113 for substance abuse, 115 for traumatic brain injury, 116 summary of randomized clinical trials, 117 Testosterone and mood, exogenous testosterone, and prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia, 179 clinical considerations, 179 in depressed men, 178 179 in dysthymic men, 179 in aging, 177 182 partial androgen deficiency of the aging male and, 177 178 Theanine (Camellia sinesis), for anxiety, 40 Trauma, military-related, Sudarshan Kriya yoga for, 125 Traumatic brain injury, Tai Chi and Qigong effect on, 116 Tryptophan (5-hydroxy-L-HTP [5-HTP]), for mental health disorders, 31 V Valerian (Valeriana officinalis, Valeriana edulis), 85 91 adverse effects and toxicity of, 88 for mental health, 87 88 Vascular dementia, Ginkgo biloba effect on, 74 75 Vinpocetine (Vinca minor), for cerebral vasodilation, 43 Vitamin B 1 (thiamine), mental health effects of, 26 Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine), mental health effects of, 26 Vitamin B 12, 1 13 for dementia, 8 for depression, 8 mechanism of action of, 8 9 metabolism of, 2 3 Vitamin B 12 deficiency, neuropsychiatic findings in, 2 Vitamin D 3 (cholecalciferol), for antepartum depression, 185 186 mental health effects of, 26 27 Vitamins, for prevention and treatment of mental disorders, 3 9, 26 27, 185 186 Voluntarily regulated yoga breathing (VRYB [pranayamas]), applications and clinical outcomes of, 104 105
Index 199 Voluntarily regulated yoga breathing (VRYB [pranayamas]), applications of, 104 effects of, on metabolic, 96 on motor performance, 97 98 on nervous system, 96 97 on perception, 97 physiologic, 95 96 mechanism of action for, 98 method, precautions and contraindications in, 99 103 W Wilson disease, zinc for, 28 Y Yoga, breath regulation and mental state, scientific support of, 95 defined, 93 94 four ways of practicing, 94 high frequency yoga breathing technique, 96 97 links between mind and body in, breathing and, 94 95 Patanjali ashtanga, 94 voluntarily regulated yoga breathing techniques in (See Voluntarily regulated yoga breathing (VRYB [pranayamas])) yoga-based meditation and mind body regulation, physiologic effects in nervous system, 98 99 Z Zinc, clinical guidelines for use of, 28 29 for dementia, 27 for major depression, 27 for mental health in children, 28 for sexual dysfunction, 28 for Wilson disease, 28 toxicity of, 28