Drug Presentations Biology Honors - Per. 1
Alcohol-Classification What is it? Depressant Natural Drug Produced by fermentation of yeast, sugars, and starches Street names: booze, juice How it works: Consumed in beverages absorbed by the stomach Enters the bloodstream and goes to tissues Short-term Effects: dizziness, nausea, slurred speech, impaired judgement Long-term Effects: addiction, damage to vital organs, increased cancer risk
Alcohol-Effects and Statistics Addiction Levels Psychological (ex: distorted vision, impaired judgement, etc) Physiological (ex: hangovers, liver damage, etc) In 2012, 87.6% of people ages 18+ reported that they drank alcohol at some point in their lifetime; 71% reported that they drank in the past year; 56.3% reported that they drank in the past month. Approximately 17 million adults ages 18+ (7.2% of this age group) had an AUD in 2012. This includes 11.2 million men (9.9% of men in this age group) and 5.7 million women (4.6% of women in this age group) Nearly 88,000 people (approximately 62,000 men and 26,000 women) die from alcohol related causes annually, making it the third leading preventable cause of death in the United States.
Anabolic Steroids Street names: Roids, juice Common brand names: Androsterone, Oxandrin, Dianabol, Winstrol, Deca-durabolin, Equipoise It is a manmade substance related to the male hormone testosterone. Used by doctors to treat hormone problems in men and delay puberty/muscle loss. Some athletes illegally use this drug to build muscle and improve performance
Anabolic Steroids Taken orally, injected, or applied as cream Does not trigger rapid increase in the neurotransmitter dopamine (which creates a high ) Leads to aggression and roid rage Causes kidney impairment, liver damage, cardiovascular problems Stopping use of steroids leads to withdrawal symptoms: Depression, mood swings, tired or restlessness, loss of appetite, unable to sleep, feeling of needing more steroids DrugDrug Steroids Time Periodme Period 8th Gradersraders 10th Gradersth Graders 12th Gradersh Graders Lifetime 1.00 1.40 1.90 Past Year 0.60 0.80 1.50 Past Month 0.20 0.40 0.90
Cocaine Common drug used among teens and young adults Street names: Coke Charlie Snow Blow 8% of young men (18-25) have used cocaine in the past year Considered a hydrochloride salt Powdered cocaine is usually snorted or dissolved in water and injected Crack is the crystallized form of cocaine Crack is smoked in a small glass First isolated from coca leaves by Albert Niemann
Cocaine Short term: anxiety and paranoia nausea convulsions, seizure, and sudden death (with high doses) depression erratic, bizarre and sometimes violent behavior Long Term: High blood pressure infertility in both men and women mood swings liver, kidney, lung damage
Cough & Cold Medicines (DXM/Codeine) Street Names: robotripping, robo, tussin, triple c, dex, skittles, candy, velvet, and drank Description: -Over-the-Counter can be bought without a perscription and when taken correctly can reduce coughs during a cold. - Taking more than the recommended amount can produce euphoria (a relaxed pleasurable feeling) and make you feel detached from your body. These prescription medications contain an opioid drug called codeine. These products may also contain other drugs, such as expectorants and antihistamines, that are dangerous at high doses and increase the dangers of abuse. Classification: dissociative general anesthetic and hallucinogen, promethazine-codeine is a narcotic -dextromethorphan is a synthetic drug, Promethazine-codeine can be a mix of both http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/cough-cold-medicine-abuse
Cough & Cold Medicines (DXM/Codeine) How the Drug Works: Cough and cold medicines are usually consumed orally in tablet, capsule, or syrup form. -Taking more than the recommended amount can produce euphoria (a relaxed pleasurable feeling) and make you feel detached from your body, possibly hallucinations -When taken as intended, cough and cold medicines safely treat symptoms of lower and upper respiratory congestion and discomfort caused by colds and flu. Classification: Dextromethorphan: dissociative general anesthetic and hallucinogen -Promethazine-codeine is a narcotic(opiate) Short-term: impaired motor function, numbness, nausea/vomiting, increased heart rate/blood pressure // Longterm: Liver damage, hypoxic brain damage in rare cases due to lack of oxygen to brain (high risk of fatal overdose bc depresses CNS, can slow/stop heart or lungs) Addiction: Physiological-Withdrawal symptoms may result in irritability, physical pain, intense cravings, insomnia, muscle spasms and chills.
Club Drugs Three main drugs: GHB (Known medically as Xyrem), Rohypnol (flunitrazepam) and Ketamine. GHB is a CNS depressant used to treat narcolepsy when used medically, but it is also used as a date-rape drug. Taken orally, typically mixed into a drink to mask the presence of the drug. Acts on two specific areas of the brain: the GABAB receptor and a specific GHB binding site (where the body s natural GHB is used). Results in sleep, comas, and even death, depending on dosages. Extremely physically addictive, repeated use can lead to withdrawallike effects. About 1% of High School seniors used GHB at least once in 2014.
Club Drugs Ketamine is a sedative that is used on both humans and animals. It is used as an anaesthetic, an antidepressant, and a pain medication It creates a state of dissociation with the body and environment. This makes it a very popular abused drug. Rohypnol commonly known as Roofies is a tranquilizer 10x more powerful than Valium. It is also used as a date-rape drug due to it s powerful sedating effects. Users describe it as paralyzing as it renders the them incapacitated.
Inhalants: aka -> laughing gas, snappers, poppers, whippets, bold, rush Julia Cima Noah Michels Stephanie Todd Inhalants are synthetic drugs that have both stimulant and depressant qualities, they are both physiologically and psychologically addictive inhalant drugs are legal everyday products and can be inhaled through the nose or mouth About 11% of eighth graders, 9% of sophomores, commonly found items and 7% of seniors have spray paint, markers, glue, cleaning fluid laughing gas nitrous oxide known as whippets commonly used amongst 16 and 17-year-olds snappers and poppers amyl nitrate used inhalants in their lifetime.
Inhalants deadly effects sudden sniffing death: cardiac arrest asphyxiation: toxic fumes in lungs stops breathing suffocation: lungs blocked when inhaling fumes through a plastic bag seizures and coma choking on vomit heart damage and liver failure muscle weakness aplastic anemia: body produces fewer blood cells nerve damage: leads to chronic pain not as addictive as other drugs, but they have severe long term effects if used on a regular basis
Marijuana Other names: weed, pot, Mary Jane, kush, greens, dank What is it? A mixture of dried leaves, stems etc. from the cannabis plant. Contains an active ingredient called THC which create a high and affect the way your body works Commonly smoked using pipes, bongs, or joints Can be combined w/ tobacco in blunts. They may also be found in foods and then known as edibles
Marijuana Marijuana is used for mental health problems like depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, short-term psychosis, and schizophrenia It s not clear if marijuana causes these conditions, it can make them worse. Over 94 million people in the US have admitted using it at least once In 2005, 242,200 emergency room visits in the United States involved marijuana DIzziness, Shallow Breath, Red eyes and dilated pupils, dry mouth, increased appetite, slowed reaction time
MDMA (Ecstasy/ Molly ) What is it? MDMA or ecstasy is a synthetic psychoactive drug of the substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine and substituted amphetamine classes of drugs that is consumed orally and is used primarily for its euphoric effects. MDMA acts as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent and reuptake inhibitor. Addiction to MDMA is psychological because frequent use often results in increased rates of depression and anxiety even after quitting the drug. MDMA usually comes in either pill or salt form
MDMA (Ecstasy/ molly ) Short Term Effects - Hyperthermia (elevated body temperature) - Dehydration - Increased heart rate and blood pressure - Mydriasis (dilated pupils) - Bruxism (grinding or clenching of teeth) Other Facts -55% of Ecstasy users reported using it due to peer pressure. -Because Ecstasy is man-made you never actually can be sure what else is inside it. -60% of MDMA users experience withdrawal symptoms Long Term Effects -Long lasting confusion, depression, and sleep abnormality -Increased level of hormones (influences love, trust, and emotions) -Tolerance (not able to get as strong a high) -Brain Lesions (damage to brain) -Damage to axon terminals
Prescription Pain Medications (Opioids) Opioids are medication that relieve pain They reduce the intensity of pain signals reaching the brain and affect those brain areas controlling emotion diminishes the effects of a painful stimulus. Prescription opioid pain medications similar effects like heroin when misused Can lead to Heroin abuse. (50% of surveyed heroin users) People often contribute to abuse by sharing medications with family members The relationship between opioid overdose and slowed breathing has been proven Depressed respiration can limit the amount of oxygen that reaches the brain(hypoxia) Hypoxia can have many serious effects, including coma and permanent brain damage Researching effects of opioid addiction on the brain, including deterioration of the brain s white matter may affect decision-making abilities, the ability to regulate behavior, responses to stressful situations.
Prescription Pain Medications (Opioids) Types: Fentanyl Hydrocodone Oxycodone Oxymorphone propoxyphene Hydromorphone Meperidine Diphenoxylate Most teenagers who abuse prescription drugs are given them for free by a friend or relative.
Prescription Stimulant Medications (Amphetamines) Amphetamine Methylphenidate Stimulant and appetite suppressant. It uses hormones to increase blood pressure and heart rate.overdosing can lead to insomnia, fear, hallucinations, vomiting, diarrhea, and irregular heartbeat. It is a central nervous system stimulant. Methylphenidate is a central nervous system stimulant. It is used to treat ADD, ADHD, and narcolepsy. Methylphenidates affect chemicals in the brain and nerves that control impulses and hyperactivity.
Prescription Stimulant Medications (Amphetamines) Adderall -used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy, and performance and cognitive enhancer. -combination of amphetamine and dextroaphetamine -increases activity of neurotransmitters and dopamine -can cause euphoria, anxiety, and cardiovascular issues -large doses=impair in cognitive function and rapid muscle breakdown -OD=convulsions and coma -2013 "amphetamine use disorder" resulted in 3,788 deaths worldwide Ritalin Central nervous stimulant used for treating ADHD, ADD, and narcolepsy. Should not be used unless prescribed by a professional, as people with severe anxiety, agitation, or tension and can be habit forming. Overdosing can be fatal.
Psilocybin (Mushrooms) Street Names Shrooms Magic Mushrooms Mexican Mushrooms Description: Psilocybin is natural and illegal hallucinogen that can be found in certain types of mushrooms. Normally ingested but can be injected, smoked, or snorted. Addiction/Tolerance: not addictive but very easy to build up tolerance & cross-tolerance w/ other psychotropic drugs like LSD How it works:psilocybin acts on the brain by disrupting the levels of serotonin in the brain. It does this by activating the brain's receptors for serotonin.
Psilocybin (Mushrooms) Short term effects: hallucinogenic trips that can set in 20-90 minutes after consumption which can last up to 12 hours seeing sound or hearing colors. Mixed senses Nervousness and Paranoia Introspective or spiritual experiences Increased energy/heart rate Nausea Long term effects: Psychosis HPPD- hallucinogen persisting perception disorder Confusion and stress/nervousness
Synthetic Marijuana Common name: Spice Street names: K2, Fake weed, Yucatan fire, skunk, moon rocks For several years was easily obtained from almost any gas station or online but has been made illegal by the DEA A group of herbal mixtures that produce effects similar to marijuana It contains dried, shredded plant material and chemical additives
Synthetic Marijuana Abused mainly by smoking, can be used as an herbal infusion for drinking Acts on the same cell receptors as THC but more strongly, producing a more powerful and unpredictable effect Physical addiction - regular users may experience withdrawal, addiction symptoms Short term effects - Elevated mood, relaxation, extreme anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations Long term effects - Rapid heart rate, vomiting, confusion, reduced blood supply to the heart (myocardial ischemia), heart attacks