Nutrition in Heterotrophs Required Nutrients Water Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Minerals Vitamins
Water Makes up ~90% of some animals Makes up a major portion of many body parts Humans require at least 1 L / day
Carbohydrates Main source of energy High in bulk fiber Refined carbohydrates do not supply need Obesity American consumption ~2 lb refined sugar/week
Lipids Parts of membranes Energy reserves Essential fatty acids (olive oil, canola oil) Saturated fats Roughly 40% of American diet
Proteins Consist of amino acids hooked together aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa- 20 amino acids 8 essential amino acids Animal protein contains all 20 amino acids Vegetables do not contain required balance of amino acids for humans
a vegetable does not provide complete protein Complementarities can supply all essential amino acids. Beans supply lysine corn supply methionine Vegetarian diet Fig. 41.4
Minerals 17 essential minerals Inorganic substances: Iron, iodine, zinc, calcium, sulfur, potassium, chloride, magnesium, etc. Required for growth, metabolism, survival Deficiencies stunted growth or weak
Vitamins 13 essential vitamins Complex organic compounds Play metabolic role cofactors and coenzymes Animals cannot synthesize themselves
Water Soluble vitamins Vitamins Taken in excess eliminated in urine generally do no harm C B complex (B 1, B 2, B 6, B 12, niacin) Fat Soluble vitamins Taken in excess stored in fatty tissues can cause serious health problems A D E K
Water Soluble Vitamins Need Source Too Little Too Much C collagen synth., inhibits free radicals, builds bone, & teeth Fruits and vegetables Scurvy, poor healing, impaired immunity diarrhea, digestive upsets B complex Coenzyme action meat, green leafy vegetables, whole grains Varies None in most Niacin - skin flushing B6 impaired coordination B 12 nervous function, coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism Meat, dairy, yeast vegan diet - limited Anemia, impaired nerve function non toxic
Fat Soluble Vitamins A D E K Need Source Too little Too much Vision, bone, teeth Bone growth; mineralization Ca absorption counters free radicals, maintains cell membranes Blood clotting, ATP formation Beta caroteneyellow or green leafy vegetables Formed in skin, fortified milk, yolks Whole grains, dark-green leafy vegetables, vegetable oil Enterobacteria, Leafy vegetables night blindness, dry skin, poor immunity bone deformities (Rickets) anemia, nerve damage skin changes, vomiting, bone & liver damage retarded growth, kidney damage muscle weakness, fatigue, headaches, nausea Hemorrhage jaundice, liver damage, anemia
Simple Digestive Processes 1. Intracellular Digestion Amoeba Paramecium
Phagocytosis
Simple Digestive Processes 2. Extracellular Digestion carbohydrates simple sugar proteins amino acids lipids glycerol & fatty acids
Digestive Systems 1. Incomplete digestive system - Gastrovascular Cavity Hydra
Tentacles Mouth Phagocytosis Intracellular Digestion Gastrovascular Cavity Extracellular Digestion
Incomplete Digestive System Planaria
2. Complete Digestive System a tube within a tube construction Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Crop/gizzard Stomach Intestine Anus Annelids Segmented Worms
Complete Digestive System Mollusks Roundworms
Digestive System Functions 1. Mechanical Processing breakdown, mixing, and food movement 2. Secretion release of digestive enzymes that aid digestion 3. Digestion breakdown of food particles 4. Absorption passage of digested nutrients and fluid from the tube (extracellular space) into the body s cells 5. Elimination explusion of undigested materials
Bird Specializations Arthropods
Bird Specializations Gizzard Stomach Chordates - birds
Ruminant Specializations
Vertebrate Mouth Specializations
Teeth Specialization Incisors Canines Molars Carnivore
Herbivore: Teeth Specialization Incisors Molars Rodent Gnawing Grazing
Single-celled organisms Circulatory Systems O 2 & Food CO 2 & Waste
Circulatory Systems Rapidly transports substances to and from cells May carry gases, food, chemical messages, waste material and living cells Interstitial fluid bathes tissues Heart muscular blood vessel that acts as a pump
1. Open Circulatory Systems
Open Circulatory System Snails
Open Circulatory System Land Arthropods
2. Closed Circulatory System
1 ventricle 1 atrium Fish 2 chambered heart
Amphibians 3-chambered heart 1 ventricle 2 atria
2 ventricles 2 atria Atrium thin-walled; receives blood from body; pumps to ventricle Ventricle muscular wall; forces blood into major arteries Birds and Mammals 4-chambered heart
Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + energy Respiration in Water and Air aquatic environments terrestrial environments
Animal Gas Exchange Protists direct diffusion of gases
Gas Exchange surface exchange vascular exchange
Gas Exchange surface/vascular exchange Earthworms
Gas Exchange - Gills
Gas Exchange - Lungs
Gas Exchange - Trachea Terrestrial Insects
Gills Fish
Gill Filament
Countercurrent Exchange
Gas Exchange Lungs Amphibians
Gas Exchange Birds
Air Flow 34% efficient, no air mixing
Gas Exchange Human