What are the three main functions of the lymphatic system? Study Fig 21.3b How are lymphatic capillaries different than continuous capillaries? Does size matter here? Explain. What 5 cell types play a dominate role in the formation of lymphatic tissue? Which of these cells are antigen presenting cells? Study Fig 21.5 How much fluid is lost by the capillaries over the course of a day? How much fluid do capillaries reabosorb as a percent of fluid filtered? Why is this imortant? What is the route traveled by tissue fluid back to the systemic circulation? What are the different forms of lymphatic tissues? Where are you most likely to see these lymphatic tussues? Why? What are the four components of the lymphatic system? What is the difference between lymphatic tissues and lymphatic organs? What organs are considered the primary lymphatic organs? Why?
What organs are considered the secondry lymphatic organs? What three systems does the the thymus belong? What extremely significant event occur in the thymus? Why is the spleen called the erythrocyte graveyard? What other cell plays a key role associated with this distinction? Bone marrow when removed from the body looks like thick blood, however. Under the microscope you can see well defined structures as we see in other organs. How is bone marrow organized? Study Fig 21.9 What is a lymph node? (structure & function) What is the significance of the number of afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels associated with a lymph node? What are the two colors associated with the spleen? What funciton is associated with each of these colors? What is the difference between yellow and red marrow? In an adult, where do you find red bone marrow? What happen to aging reticulocyctes in red bone marrow? What is the primary mechanism of lymph flow? What other forces aid in returning lymph to the symstemic circulation? How is the red pulp of the spleen organized? (Hint: type of capillary) Why is this important? (Hint: What would happens if you hemorrhage?)
What is a pathogen? What is the acid mantle? What is beneath the epithelium that pervents bacteria from freely penetrating into deeper tissues? How do bacteria overcome this barrier? What are the three lines of defense against disease agents? Give are brief description of each: What do dermicidin, defensins, and cathelicidins have in common? What affect does sun have on these chemicals? Where do neutrophils spend most of their lives? What distinguishes nonspecific resistance from specific defense? What does mucous, tears, and saliva contain that destroys bacteria? How does this substance kill bacteria? What is neutrophilia? What is the stimulus? How does the concentration change? How long does it take?
What is eosinophilia? What is the stimulus? Basophils are produced in the red bone marrow and circulate in the blood. The basophils may migrate into the connective tissue and become attached to the collagen fibers of the connective tissue. What are basophils called after they migrate into the connective tissue? What is the function of these cells? What is interferon? What cell type in particular secrete interferon? When? Does interferon save the cell that secretes interferon? What does interferon also attract? What happens when a neutrophil deganulates? What is the result? What are the three type of lymphocytes? What is the relative concentration of these cell types? What is complement? Where are these substances produced? Where do they circulate? Why was complement originally given this name? What is a respiratory burst? Monocytes are produced in the red bone marrow and circulate in the blood. The monocytes may migrate into the connective tissue and freely wander within the connective tissue. What are monocytes called after they migrate into the connective tissue? What is the function of these cells? What are the four methods used by complement to destroy pathogens?
Study Fig 21.15 & 21.19 What is inflamation? What happens after a membrane attack comlex is formed on a cell s plasma membrane? What is a pyrogen? Where do exogenous and endogenous pyrogens come from? Where are the receptors for these pyrogens? What is immune clearance? Study 21.17 Why is the action of NK cells called immune surveillance? Is there action specific? How do NK cells kill infected cells? How does asprin lower fever? What is opsonization? What is fever? Is it good or bad? Explain When fighting a local infection, why is hyperemia important? Explain
What structures lack lymphatic vessels and nodes? Study Fig 21.19 What is it called when a leukocyte crawls through the enhanced gaps between endothelial cells in an area of inflammation? How does pain contribute to the healing process? Study Fig 21.19 How do endothelial cells recruit leukocytes to an area of infection? How are pathogens contained in an area of infection? Where does platelet-derived growth factor come from? What is the function of platelet-derived factor? Study Fig 21.19 What is it called when a leukocyte adheres to the luminal surface of a blood vessle? What is pus? What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
We use different methods to classify immunity. One method is based on where the immunity functions, cellular vs humoral. What is the advantage of having these two different forms of immunity? How are these forms of immunity mediated? What is an antigen? What molecules are typically antigens? Where are they located? Why is glucose not an antigen? What do immunocompetent T and B cells have that non-immunocompetent T and B cells don t have? Where do T and B cells become immunocompetent? We use different methods to classify immunity. One method is based on the immunity either being natural or artificial and active or passive. What is the principle characteristic of each type of immunity? - natural active - natural passive - artificial active - artificial passive Your immune system can distinguish self-antigens from nonself-antigens. When do we develop the ability to distinguish self from nonself? Study Fig 21.20 T and B cells live their life in three stages. They are born, go to school to learn their job, and then go to work. Compare and contrast the life stages of B and T Cells? How do we describe these cells when they are ready to go to work? The same pathogen may be either outside or inside a cell. How does the immune system respond to the pathogen differently based on where the pathogen is located? What is an epitope? What is a naive lymphocyte pool?
What four cell types are antgen presenting cells? What cell type do they need to initiate cellular immunity? Both cellular and humoral immunity occur is three stages. What are the three stages called? (Note: the three Rs ) Study Fig 21.24 What is the Tc cell s lethal hit? What role does perforin and ganzymes play in this process? How is this similar to the function of NK cells? Study Fig 21.21a What is antigen processing and presentation? After the antigen is process, how and where is it displayed? What happens during the recongnition phase of cellular immunity? What is interleukin s function? What are the four classes of T cells? Only one of these T cells can actually kill either a pathogen or infected cell directly. Which T cell is the killer? (note: NK cell is not a T cell!) What type of cells may have either MHC-I proteins or MHC-II proteins? What type of MHC protein may Tc dock with? What type of MHC protein may TH cells dock with? Study Fig 21.23 What type of cell is positioned between the antigen presenting cell and the three forms of defenses against pathogens (nonspecific resistance, humoral immunity, and cellular immunity)? Why does AIDS reduce the effectiveness of all three-defenses?
What do immunocompetent B cells have on their plasma membrane? What three type of T cells are created during clonal selection? There are five classes of antibodies: IgM, IgA, IgR, IgG, IgE (Marge!). - What antibodies types form surface receptors of B cells? - What antibody can cross the placenta? - What antibody is in breast milk? - What antibody form surface receptors on mast cells? What is the process called which allows immunocompetent B cells to internalize the antigen for antigen processing? Where do plasma cells come from? What do plasma cells produce? What four mechanisms are used by antibodies to render foreign antigen harmless? What two type of B cells are created during clonal selection? Study Fig 21.27a What is another term used to describe an antibody? Which two antibodies have a complementbinding site? Why is this important? Explain.
Study Fig 21.29 What is the difference in the primary and secondary responses in humoral immunity? Which immunoglobulin spikes high and remains high during a secondary response? What is the net result of this response? Which hypersensitivity is considered acute? What is an example? What hypersensitivity is considered delayed? Plasma cells make how many antibodies per second over what period of time? What is anaphylaxis? What is anaphylaic shock? What is the mechanism? (hint: mast cells!) What is Type II hypersensitivity? Give an example: What is hypersensitivity? What hypersensitivity is considered subacute? Why? What is Type III hypersensitivity? Give an example:
What is Type IV hypersensitivity? Give an example: What is an autoimmune disease? Give an example: What is an immunodeficiency disease? Give an example: