nhancing well-being in the workplace: The mediating role of Mindfulness for stress reduction and satisfaction with life Mathieu Molines Grenoble cole de Mangement Rébecca Shankland Grenoble lpes University ddress correspondance to: rebecca.shankland@upmf-grenoble.fr Lionel Strub Grenoble cole de Mangement Natacha Boissicat Université de Nice Dominique Steiler Grenoble cole de Mangement We wish to thank Yves Le Bihan (ngel Constuling) for his help in carrying out this study
From buddhist psychology to mindulness science Mindfulness Buddhist concept and meditative practice millennium Today considered a psychological competence of its own (Shapiro & al., 2006;. Hayes & Shenk, 2004; Kabat-Zinn, 2003 Linehan, 1993) Definitional approach to mindfulness multidimensional concept (Kabat-Zinn, 1990): Quality of attention to the experience and proven without filter, without judgment or expectation. Modality mental functioning. n operational concept (Bishop et al., 2004) : metacognitive competence underpinned by two main components, self-regulation of attention and attentional orientation experience. nformational processing sensorimotor (perception) cognitive (thoughts) emotional (feelings, emotions) ttentional strategies re-entrainment 2
From the clinical perspective to Business concerns Clinical interests The assessment of effectiveness (vidence-based psychotherapy) interventions based on mindfulness showed an impact on a variety of psychological disorders (Meta-analyzes, eg Khoury et al, 2013; Galente et al...., 2012;. Vollestad & al, 2012; Chiesa & Seretti, 2010) daptation to business concerns Responses to job stress, burnout, improved well-being, attentional efficiency (eg Strub & Tarquinio, 2013; Martin-suero & Garcia-Banda, 2010; rving et al, 2009; Cohen-Katz et al., 2005) Feasibility and effectiveness of a training program based on mindfulness to address wellbeing in business setting? The mechanisms of action by which mindfulness training exerts effects? How employee react practice mindfulness at work and outside work? 3
Methodology 59 employee from 2 large companies Design Control Group vs Program Group Before and fter Program MBSR (Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction) Measures Perceived Stress (PSS-10) Warwick-dinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire 4
Program Pratiques méditatives Pratique à domicile Stratégies didactiques Séance 1 P P R Séance 3 R T T Manger en pleine conscience Q Méditation assise avec la respiration Yoga en pleine conscience Q U U Revue des tâches Revue des tâches Revue des tâches Pleine conscience de la respiration Balayage corporel D O M C L Séance 2 D O M C L P R T Q U D O M C L Séance 4 Méditation assise étendue aux sensations physiques et à l'ouïe Revue des tâches P R T Q U D O M C L Séance 5 Méditation assise étendue à l'observation des pensées, des émotions et tout ce qui peut surgir dans l'instant présent Revue des tâches P R T Q U D O M C L Séance 6 Marche en pleine conscience Revue des tâches P R T Q U D O M C L Séance 7 Méditations de concentration sur la bienveillance et la compassion Revue des tâches P R T Q U D O M C L Séance 8 Balayage corporel Revue des tâches utres méditations formelles Révision du programme dans son intégralité Comment poursuivre les pratiques avec régularité Plans d'action personnels P R T Q U D O M C L Séance d'approfondissement 1 journée Renforcement de l'ensemble des pratiques apprises Méditation du lac ou de la montagne Méditation de compassion 5
Stress (PSS-10) The degree to which situations in one s life are appraised as stressful tems were designed to tap how unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded respondents find their lives x : n the last month, how often have you been upset because of something that happened unexpectedly? How often have you felt that you were on top of things? 6
Mindfulness (FFMQ) Observing includes noticing or attending to internal and external experiences, such as sensations, cognitions, emotions, sights, sounds, and smells Describing refers to labeling internal experiences with words. cting with awareness includes attending to one s activities of the moment and can be contrasted with behaving mechanically while attention is focused elsewhere (often called automatic pilot). Nonjudging of inner experience refers to taking a nonevaluative stance toward thoughts and feelings. Nonreactivity to inner experience is the tendency to allow thoughts and feelings to come and go, without getting caught up in or carried away by them. 7
Well being (Warwick dinburgh Mental Well-being Scale, WMWBS) Broad conception of well-being ffective emotional aspects Cognitive evaluative dimensions Psychological functioning x : ve been feeling useful, ve been feeling good about myself, ve been feeling cheerful 8
Sample 9
Mindfulness Group VS Control Group
Changes on Mindfulness (FFMQ) 140 Mindfulness 130 120 Baseline Posttraining 110 100 Control group Mindfulness group ncrease level of Mindfulness Similar résults found in other studies (Baer et al., 2012 ; Liu et al., 2013)
Changes on PSS Perceived Stress 15 10 5 Baseline Posttraining 0 Control group Mindfulness group nitial stress level is lower than in other research companies (depending on the degree of responsibility, business type etc.) volution higher than other studies (Kuyken et al., 2013)
Changes on Well being 55 Well-Being 50 45 Baseline Posttraining 40 Control group Mindfulness group ncrease Well being Similar résults in other studies (Stewart-Brown, 20008; Kuyken et al., 2013)
Mediational analysis
Perceived stress Mindfulness Mindfullness trainning VS Control group Observing Perceived stress Non reactivity
Well being Mindfulness Mindfullness trainning VS Control group Well being Non reactivity
Useful practice to improve work 89.7% considered that this practice was useful for their work 20% believe that it improves their work efficiency More than 27% consider that it allows best management of difficult and unexpected situations a more thoughtful management situations best concentration, best stress management and emotions which brings a reduction of stress improves self confidence the quality of relationships with colleagues 17
Useful practice to improve well-being at work 82.8% of participants consider that the practice of mindfulness improves their wellbeing at work The reasons include: the stand back (27.5%) the ability to be more present (17.2%) a lesser extent relaxation it gives (6.8%) the ability to accept things as they come (3.4%). 18
asy exercises work use ccording to participants, the easiest exercises at work are : the use of formal practices (89.6%), especially breathing exercises (over 40%) and exercises to an anchorage in the moment relying on the five senses (27.5%) 19
asy xercises for use outside of work ccording to participants, the easiest exercises for use outside the workplace are formal practices (75.9%), especially breathing exercises like long focus on breathing (44.8% ) and three minutes on the breath (17.2%) and meditation on the physical sensations: bodyscan, yoga, body movements (31%). 41.3% also consider informal practices are easy to use outside the workplace, especially practical on the five senses (37.8%). 20
Conclusion Results underline the possible benefits of MBs in workplace contexts in terms of well-being, performance and relationship management. The reported ease of short formal or integrated Mindfulness practices in the workplace is an essential component of these results as it may indicate a potential for long-term integration of Mindfulness at work. 21
Thank you for your attention Mathieu Molines Grenoble cole de Mangement Rébecca Shankland Grenoble lpes University ddress correspondance to: rebecca.shankland@upmf-grenoble.fr Lionel Strub Grenoble cole de Mangement Natacha Boissicat Université de Nice Dominique Steiler Grenoble cole de Mangement