http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm

BLOOD FACTS blood - living tissue that carries oxygen & nutrients to all parts of the body carries carbon dioxide & other waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for disposal fights against infection & helps heal wounds, so we can stay healthy average adult has about 5 liters of blood inside of their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight. ~1 billion red blood cells in 2-3 drops of blood. for every 600 red blood cells, there are ~40 platelets & 1 white cell. http://www.bloodbankofalaska.org/about_blood/index.html

WHAT MAKES UP OUR BLOOD? RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) most abundant cells in our blood; produced in the bone marrow & contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our cells WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) part of the immune system & destroy infectious agents called pathogens PLASMA yellowish liquid portion of blood that contains electrolytes, nutrients & vitamins, hormones, clotting factors, & proteins such as antibodies to fight infection. PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) clotting factors that are carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood

Blood composition blood after it has been centrifuged (separated into its different components) Plasma - fluid, gives volume contains antibodies Platelets - helps in clotting of blood white blood cells - used in defense against foreign invaders red blood cells - carry oxygen

GENETICS OF BLOOD TYPES Early 1900s: inherited blood proteins were identified by Karl Landsteiner & Philip Levine. Blood type is established before you are born, by a specific gene inherited from your parents. You inherit one allele from your mother & one from your father. This gene determine your blood type by causing proteins called ANTIGENS (agglutinogens) to exist on the surface of red blood cells.

GENETICS OF BLOOD TYPES 4 blood types: A, B, AB, & O inherited as the result of MULTIPLE ALLELES (many forms of a gene); in this case, 3 alleles: A, B, & O since a person inherits only 2 for each trait, various combinations of the 3 alleles can exist (e.g., AO, AB, BB, etc.) A & B are codominant O is recessive

PHENOTYPE A A B B AB O GENOTYPE AA, I A I A AO, I A i BB, I B I B BO, I B i AB, I A I B OO, ii Note: Blood types A & B have 2 possible genotypes (homozygous and heterozygous) Blood types AB & O only have 1 genotype each 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS

Practice Problems:" A mother is I A I B & a father is ii. Draw the Punnett square." " " " " I A " I B " " i o" " " "" " i o " " " "" " What is the probability their offspring will have A type blood?" " Can they have an offspring with O blood?"

Practice Problems:" A mother is I A I B & a father is ii. Draw the Punnett square." " " " " I A " I B " " i o " I A i o " I B i o" " " "" " i o " I A i o " I B i o " " " "" " What is the probability their offspring will have A type blood?" 50%" Can they have an offspring with O blood? No" "

BLOOD TYPES determined by protein that is ON the red blood cells. These blood cell proteins are called ANTIGENS. e.g., blood type A has antigen A e.g., blood type AB has both A and B antigens.

BLOOD TYPES plasma may contain proteins called ANTIBODIES, & are referred to as "ANTI-A" and/or "ANTI-B" e.g., a person with "B" blood type has "B" antigens on their red blood cells and antibodies "anti-a" in their plasma. "O" people have NO antigens on their red blood cells, they have both "anti-a" & "anti-b" in their plasma after birth, the immune system makes antibodies against the antigens not found on the red blood cells.

BLOOD TYPES

BLOOD TYPES

WHAT ARE BLOOD TYPES? 3 alleles for blood type gene: A, B, & O Since inherit 1 from each parent, there are 6 possible combinations Blood Types AA or AO = Type A BB or BO = Type B OO = Type O AB = Type AB http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm

How common are the 4 blood types? 4% 11% 45% 40% http://www.lanecountyblood.org/images/other/bloodfacts.jpg

Rh FACTORS Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeys to learn more about human anatomy because there are certain similarities between the 2 species. While studying Rhesus monkeys, a certain blood protein was discovered. This protein is also present in the blood of some people. Other people, however, do not have the protein. The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor. If your blood does contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If your blood does not contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-). It is independent of A, B, AB, & O blood type http://www.fi.edu/biosci/blood/rh.html mother-fetus condition, called Rh factor was first identified in 1940 A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB- O+ O-

Rh Inheritance

How common is your blood type? 46.1% 38.8% 11.1% 3.9%

QUESTIONS WHY IS KNOWING ABOUT BLOOD TYPE IMPORTANT? WHAT ARE SOME APPLICATIONS OF BLOOD TYPING?

BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS blood transfusion - procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels blood transfusions are done to replace blood lost during surgery or a serious injury if a person s body can't make blood properly because of an illness for blood transfusions to work, donated blood must match that of the recipient. If blood is not matched, then immune system of recipient will attack donated blood clumping (agglutination)

BLOOD TRANSFUSION EXAMPLE Imagine that Joe, a person who has Type A blood, was in a serious accident & needed a blood transfusion. Since he has Type A blood, his red blood cells have type A antigens on their surfaces. In addition, Joe s blood plasma carries antibodies to type B blood. (Since he has Type A blood, his immune system would see any Type B blood as foreign blood & therefore as an invader.) If Joe was mistakenly given a blood transfusion of Type B blood, his immune system would see the added red blood cells as invaders since the added cells would have Type B antigens on their surface. His circulating B antibodies (in his blood plasma) would attack these B antigens & the result would be agglutination of the blood.

Possible Genotypes: AA AO BB BO AB OO RBC Antigen(Agglutinogen ) Plasma Antibodies (Agglutininins) A B AB None Anti-B Anti-A None both Reaction with Anti-A YES NO YES NO Reaction with Anti-B NO YES YES NO

BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS Who can give you blood? People with TYPE O blood are called Universal Donors, because they can give blood to any blood type. Universal Donor People with TYPE AB blood are called Universal Recipients, because they can receive any blood type. Rh + Can receive + or - Rh - Can only receive - Universal Recipient

BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS

BLOOD EVIDENCE blood samples can be analyzed to determine blood type and DNA, which can be matched to possible suspects or used in paternity tests blood droplets can be analyzed to give clues to the location of a crime, movement of a victim, & type of weapon blood spatter can be analyzed to determine patterns that give investigators clues to how a crime might have happened

Microscopic Views Bird Blood Fish Blood Horse Blood Cat Blood Frog Blood Dog Blood Human Blood Snake Blood

Election Scanning Microscopic View of Blood Clotting